Bee Season

The story of â€Å"Bee Season† is focused on an apparently warm home which will prove to be in fact a mere holding pen for four individuals spinning in completely separate universes. It is the kaleidoscopic portrait of a modern American family whose picture-perfect surface conceals an underlying world of secret turmoil.The focal center of the novel is Eliza Naumann, the nine-year-old student who discovers that she has a talent for competitive spelling. Although the book is set in the competitive world of spelling bees, the contest is just one of the many plot devices in this family drama.On the surface, the Naumann family appears to be ideal – upper middle-class, highly accomplished, deeply spiritual, and seemingly tightly knit. But it will gradually reveal that the picture-perfect family is, in fact, comprised of individuals on disparate (and often desperate) paths toward their own notions of transcendence – quests that lead them to pursue intense and even dange rous spiritual experiences. Eliza's unlikely emergence has the effect of tearing the fragile fabric that has thus far held them together. The plot examines faith, spirituality and what happens to a family's own belief system when changes occur.Eliza was â€Å"a student from whom great things should not be expected†; thus when Eliza is forced to compete in her first spelling bee, she is certain that this event, like so many others, exists only to â€Å"confirm, display or amplify her mediocrity. † Yet when the words start coming, she realizes she can not only spell the words directed at her but, as if by magic, everyone else's words as well. She wins the school's contest, and then a few district and regional ones, before heading to Washington for the national bee.Her father Saul, the cantor at Beth Simcha synagogue, sees Eliza's skills and begins training her for spelling competitions and for greater, more spiritual challenges ahead. Saul's obsessive attention to Eliza comes at the expense of her older brother Aaron, who is being bullied at school and who feels his own religious aspirations, closely modeled on his father's, unfulfilled. Miriam is the Naumann wife and mother, who’s already pronounced remoteness from her husband and children, grows apace while Eliza and Saul are sequestered in his study, poring over dictionaries.Apparently, like most families, the Naumanns seem to have settled comfortably into a routine, each member playing an accepted role in the day-to-day family drama. Saul is the family anchor, preparing the meals, running the household, and nurturing his son Aaron's interest in Judaism. Miriam, a brilliant high-powered lawyer, with a voracious intellect and a compulsion toward order slips easily into the role of wage-earner, happy to leave the emotional demands of family life and parenting to her husband. Aaron is the smart, socially isolated, and physically awkward teenager who thrives under his father's attention.Amid this dazzling display of intellectual power and intensity, Eliza, an unremarkable student, is resigned to remaining in the shadows. She's among those sad-sack C students who â€Å"never get picked for Student of the Week† and â€Å"never get chased by boys at recess. † While other kids are singled out for gifted-and-talented programs, Eliza is shuffled off into classrooms where the walls are covered with posters of kittens dangling from ropes above slogans like â€Å"Hang in there† and â€Å"If at first you don't succeed. . . .† Even her mother considers her â€Å"a gosling born into a family of ducks.† But her surprising triumph launches Eliza into the spotlight, radically altering the family dynamics. Through her success in the contest she becomes her father’s protege, thus taking the place of her brother, in which point the fragile equilibrium of forces in the family is shattered. The image of perfect consensus is changed as Eliza’ s new discovered talent places her in the center of her father’s preoccupations. It propels her from the ignominy of being an ordinary pupil to the triumph of shining in local, state, and national spelling competitions.Because she can spell — intuitively, hypnotized by the combining and recombining letters — she replaces her older brother Aaron in the attentions of their cantor. In considering the composition of the action, which for much of its part takes place inside the characters' hearts and minds, winning the contest represents the crucial element that triggered the demise of the equilibrium that was apparent in the Naumanns house. By shattering the image of harmony and consensus the proof of parallel existences emerged for each member of the family.Eliza, when replacing her brother in her father’s perception, destroyed the silent consensus that ordered their lives up until then. From that moment, her family would grow apart. Thus, more realities sur face in perceiving her family. The myth of the perfect family falls to pieces. Faced with a sudden change and forced by the circumstances to adapt to the new situation, each of the characters would show that their personality has a three dimensional development. Therefore, each of them is portrayed in three circumstances: in relation with his own self, with his family and in connection to the outside world.In dealing with the new reality, the characters receive a multiple perspective for analysis. On the one hand, there is Miriam, Eliza’s mother. Her character, defined by the three dimensions of her life, seems quite contradictory. In relation to the outside world, she is a brilliant, long hours working lawyer. In a slightly opposing image is her attitude which unfolds in relation with the other members of her family. It is obvious that her children baffle her; she is so uncomfortable with them that when one of them asks her about the boyfriends she'd had before marriage, she blushes.â€Å"She wishes there were a book on the subject, slim as it would be, a ‘Mother's Dating Life' she could substitute for conversation in the tidy manner of ‘Where Do Babies Come From? † In the relationship with Saul she is a complex yet mysteriously troubled wife. She always saw him as the man who talked about fixing the world, â€Å"restore what had been shattered† and she thought he could heal her. Social exchange theory explains the relationship with another person as depending on the perception of the balance between giving and receiving.The fact that Miriam never felt saved by her husband, that her expectations were unanswered and somewhat betrayed can explained the estranged connection and the unspoken sadness between them. She finds Eliza and Saul's shared focus on studying with their father a painful reminder of the connection she once had with her husband and her own parents, who died tragically when she was a young girl. The sudden disco very of her daughter's ability to apply the concentration and the desire for perfection that define her own self-image triggers a flood of contradictory emotions and sends her life spiraling out of control.Always emotionally absent, she falls deeper into her secret life of petty theft, thus revealing her most hidden side. Therefore, a central theme for Miriam becomes the kaleidoscope from her childhood that she brings to Eliza. The kaleidoscope is important to Miriam because it is a device that gathers shards together and no matter their movement, they stay together. When Miriam gives the kaleidoscope to Eliza after the spelling bee she wants to share an important and precious secret of how to survive.Secondly, there is Aaron who is defined through the social relationship as facing typical teenager problems; inside the family his father’s attention is a guiding light in his pursuit of becoming an eminent rabbi. When this place is taken by Eliza and he is exiled from his fathe r's inner sanctum of Jewish music and Hebrew learning, he seeks out other forms of spirituality than the Naumanns' Judaism. Formerly his father's assistant at the synagogue, he comes to see the family as an encumbrance for reaching perfection.Exploring his spiritual needs he hungers for his own means of transcendence and he finds a community of Hare Krishnas, who’s chanting, rituals, and self-abnegation appeal to his need for a warm community, near to God and thus detaching himself from the family. Yet, the center element of the novel is the developing relation between Elisa and her father. At a first glace, Saul is the distracted father, who spends most of his time in his study, researching forms of Jewish mysticism and worrying about the transcendence he'll never achieve.His relationship with his daughter was mostly based on her achievements at school and the image depicted by those, therefore he could not have taken her into consideration, as â€Å"he only learns of his d aughter's exclusion through one of his congregants who, after Shabbat services, announces loudly enough for the people on the other side of the cookie table to overhear that her son has been identified as Talented and Gifted†. Thus, his attention was focused on Aaron because â€Å"Eliza hasn't tendered Saul the congratulatory note Aaron delivered at her age, the one that made Saul feel like a sweepstakes winner†.But when Elisa wins the spelling bee, he begins to take notice of her. Motivating her talent as having religious connections, Saul sees something Kabbalistic in the way Eliza can intuit spelling words by having the letters fall into place all on their own — a hint of a talent far beyond his own abilities. As they practice together for the national spelling competition, he leads her carefully through an old Jewish mystical text and toward a state of biblioglossic transcendence in which the alphabet begins to crack open and reveal a hint of the light of God .He feels that Eliza is breaking through the illusion of reality and getting closer to God – something he has wanted to do all his life. He begins to see Eliza as able to fulfill his own dreams of transcendence. The scenes with Eliza and the Abulafia exercises in the reading room were compelling for showing the crossing form the family perspective in which Saul is just happy father to a superior one in which he is trying to take Eliza into his personal spiritual quest. Their relationship transcends the ordinary world. He wants to be her spiritual teacher, but he doesn't see the effect on her and the family.Throughout the novel, he sees his family as a means of achieving a higher goal, of transcendence to a superior apprehension of the world. And he sees this possibility first in Aaron, then in Eliza, whom he considers to be â€Å"pretty special†. In their house of closed doors, Eliza pursues her father's tutorials, as he directs her study for the spelling bees. First d ictionaries, then incantatory repetitions of letters and combinations of letters, then initiation into the meditation of the medieval mystic Abraham Abulafia:â€Å"Letters,† Saul says. â€Å"Abulafia believed that, by concentrating on letters, the mind could loose itself from its shackles to commune with a presence greater than itself. â€Å"Do you mean,† Eliza whispers, â€Å"that I'll be able to talk to God? † (pp. 172-73) She masters the techniques of mystic concentration: â€Å"She could feel the different vowels in her marrow, her bones chimes through which the letters blew† (p. 190). Then she surpasses her father's knowledge.Alone with Abulafia she experiences a religious ecstasy that rips through her body and mind, with visions, pain, â€Å"crawling Sects and crashing waves† (p. 268), her own disembodied voice, â€Å"infinite human and animal possibilities† (p. 269). Possibly, she sees God: â€Å"the shape's face is every face ever formed† (p. 269); she feels herself disintegrate and return anew. In fact, the experience is for her a try to find a new place in the world, one which leads away both from the front stage reality of the spelling bees contests and from the hidden, back stage of his father’s personal quest.In uniting the contemporary realistic tradition in which â€Å"Bee Season† is written-the tangible world of cereal boxes, grade school hallways, kaleidoscopes, Friday night synagogue services-with an ancient discipline derived from wonder and longing for God, Goldberg has painted a original picture of the particular unhappiness experienced by one family as a result of resistance to change. Bibliography Goldberg, Myla. Bee Season. New York: Anchor, 2001.

How Smell Affects Taste

How Does Smell Affect Taste? Table of Contents 1. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 2. Scripture Reference†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 3. Research Section†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 3-5 4. Hypothesis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 5. Materials List†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 6. Procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 7. Observation/Results/Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9-13 8. Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 9. Acknowledgements †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 15 Abstract The purpose of this project is to experiment if smell affects taste.In the hypothesis it is stated that when the nose is plugged the taste of a jellybean will be affected. It is also hypothesized that when a subject is given a certain flavor of jellybean to taste they will remember the taste of the same flavored jellybean with the smell impaired. A brief overview of the experiment is as follows. Eight subjects will be tested for their sense of taste. They were given four different flavors of jellybeans to taste twice, once with a nose plug and once without. Group one was asked to taste the first flavor of a jellybean with the nose plugged first.Then they were given the same flavor of jellybean to taste without the nose plug. The same procedure was used with the remaining three flavors. In contrast, group two was given the jellybean to taste without the nose plug first and with the nose plug second. The four flavors of the jellybeans were tasted in this order: marshmallow, lemon, pear, licorice. The results for each independent variable are as follows. The nose plug did affect the taste of the jellybean. But, group two did not remember the taste of the jellybean when the nose was unplugged. In both groups, taste was affected and flavors were not easily guessed. Scriptural ReferenceTaste â€Å"Taste and see that the LORD is good; blessed is the man who takes refuge in him. † Psalm 34:8 (NIV) I chose this Bible verse because it is very important that as Christians we actively seek God in all things. Even though we really do not â€Å"taste† God, we need to thirst for His Word and love. In return, we will see that He is good, we receive His blessing, and find that He is our refuge. Smell â€Å"The LORD smelled the pleasing aroma and said in His heart: Never again will I curse th e ground because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from childhood. And never again will I destroy all living creatures, as I have done. Genesis 8:21 (NIV) God uses His senses like we do. He created us in His own image and made us to have senses. God finds obedience to be pleasant just as we think the smell of red roses is pleasant to our nose. Research The human body was created by God to have five different detected senses: taste, smell, hearing, touch, and sight. Taste and smell are the two senses that people have to help us enjoy food. They are separate, but also related. Much can be learned about the correlation between taste and smell and how they affect each other. Taste is the sense that comes from food molecules touching the taste buds on the tongue.The taste buds send signals to the brain which then translates the signals into a taste. Taste buds are nerve receptors on the tongue and palate. Different parts of the tongue have specific receptors for different types of tastes. There are thousands of taste buds on the tongue, each with a surface opening called a taste pore. At the base, microvilli sensors pick up the molecule. The molecule gets changed by sensory cells of the taste bud into a nerve impulse. The signal gets sent to the brain through the glossopharyngeal nerve to the brainstem, then to the thalamus, and on to the forebrain. That signal is translated to specific taste (Swindle, Mark). On the tongue, different tastes are picked up on different parts of the tongue. First, the sweet taste buds occur on the outside part of the tongue. A second kind is salty taste buds that are located on the back outside portion of the tongue. Lastly, the bitter taste buds are located in the far back of the tongue. There are some taste buds on the palate that pick up different tastes (Smith, David). Smell, on the other hand, is the sense that comes from odor molecules attaching to the olfactory nerve. Air carries the odor into the nose. Then odor contacts the olfactory nerves at the top of the nasal passages.The the olfactory nerves send a signal to the olfactory bulb of the brain, and the nerve sends a signal to the front of the brain. The forebrain translates the signals of the odor into a specific smell (Swindle, Mark). Smell and taste are so interrelated that many scientists think that taste is about 80% of aroma and 20% actual taste (American Academy of Otolaryngology). It changes as people age, the sense of smell seems to be better in adults than in kids. Usually at age 60 or over, adults may start to lose their sense of smell. Scientists have proven that women have a better sense of smell than men.People who have head injuries often lose their sense of smell and lose weight because the taste of the food they eat has been impaired through the injury. Also, people with sinus problems or upper respiratory problems lose weight because of a decreased sense of smell and appetite (American Academy of Otolaryngolog y). In previous studies, Frank and Byram’s article suggest that taste and smell interactions are dependent on taste and odor. In their experiments, they gave subjects strawberry whipped cream while pinching their nose and then strawberry cream not pinching their nose.The addition of smell to taste made the strawberry whip cream seem 85% sweeter. The same experiment was used, but with peanut butter flavored whip cream. It was found that peanut butter odor did not enhance sweetness. They then evaluated the same people with salted strawberry whip cream, and found that the odor did not increase the sweetness. This suggested that sweetness is both taste and odor dependent. The experiment with salted strawberry whip cream proves that the sense of smell is a dependent factor in a person experiencing the full sense of taste (Frank, Robert). HypothesisWhen the nose is plugged and the olfactory system is impaired, taste will be affected. Each of the eight subjects will be tested on fou r different flavors of jellybean, once with the nose plugged and once with the nose unplugged. The four flavors tested in order were: marshmallow, lemon, pear, and licorice. People in group one will have a nose plug on during the first taste. They will be impaired to taste and guess the flavor of the jelly bean. At the second attempt to taste without the nose plug, they will be able to taste easily and be able to guess the flavor of the jellybean. Group two, will start by not having the nose plugged.This group will be able to taste easily and easily guess the flavor of the jellybean. When the plug is then placed on the subject’s nose, they will be able to taste because they already know the real taste from memory. Materials List -Log Book -Pencil -Jelly Beans -2 Marshmallow, 2 Lemon, 2 Pear, 2 Licorice flavored jellybeans -Towel as blindfold -Baggies -Eight Test Subjects -Nose Plug -Charts -Water Procedure To set up this experiment, eight human subjects were needed for evalua tion. Each person was tested for their sense of taste and smell. The subjects were split into two evaluation groups.The first group was given a blindfold and a nose plug. They were given a jellybean to taste. They were asked the following questions: What flavor do you think this is? Is it sweet, sour, or bitter? After the tester recorded the data, the subjects were asked to remove the nose plug. They were given the same flavor of jellybean and asked the same questions. This same procedure was used for the remaining three flavors of jellybeans. The data was recorded and the results compared. The second group was given a blind fold, but asked to taste the jellybean without the nose plug first. They were asked the same questions as group one.Data was recorded. Then they were given the nose plug and asked to taste and evaluate the same flavor of jellybean. This same procedure was used for the remaining three flavors of jellybeans. Data again was recorded and results compared. The four d ifferent types of jelly beans given were in this order; marshmallow, lemon, pear, and licorice. Observations Preston| Plugged Nose | | | No Plug| | Actual Jelly- Bean Flavor| Guessed Flavor| Sweet/Sour/Bitter (Sw/S/B) | | Guessed Flavor| Sw/S/B| 1-Marshmallow | Coconut| Sweet/Sour| | Coconut/lime| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Blueberry| Sour| | Lemon| Sour| -Pear| Cherry| Sweet| | Cranberry| Sweet/Sour| 4-Lic| Nothing| Sweet| | Rubber| Bitter| | | | | | | Tyler| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug| | 1-Marshmallow| Cinnamon| Sour| | Nothing| Bitter| 2-Lemon| Orange| Sour| | Orange| Sour| 3-Pear| Apple| Sour| | Apple| Sweet| 4-Lic| Licorice| Bitter| | Licorice| Sweet| | | | | | | Makenzie| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug | | 1-Marshmallow| Coconut| Sweet| | Cotton Candy| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Lemon| Sour| 3-Pear| Apple| Bitter| | Pear | Sweet| 4-Lic| Nothing| Sweet| | Licorice| Bitter| | | | | | | Pierce| Plugged Nose| | | No Plug| | 1-MM| Lime| Sour| | Popcorn| Sweet/bitter| -Lemon| Lime| Sour| | Lemon | Sour| 3-Pear| Pear| Sour/Bitter| | Pear| Sour/Bitter| 4-Lic| Peach| Sour| | Licorice| Bitter| | | | | | | | | GROUP | TWO| | | Autumn| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Marshmallow| Sweet| | Lemon| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lime| Sour| | Grape| Sour/Sweet| 3-Pear| Lemon| Sweet| | Blueberry| Bitter| 4-Lic| Green| Bitter| | Strawberry| Sweet| | | | | | | David| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Cotton Candy| Sweet| | Cotton Candy| Sweet/Sour| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Green Apple| Bitter| 3-Pear| Strawberry| Sweet| | Lemon| Bitter/Sour| 4-Lic| Black Berry| Sweet | | Strawberry| Sweet| | | | | | Katy| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Pineapple| Sweet| | Banana| Sweet| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Lemon /Lime| Sour| 3-Pear | Pear| Sweet| | Apple| Sweet| 4-Lic| Root beer| Sweet| | Root beer| Sweet| | | | | | | Sam| No Plug| | | Plugged Nose| | 1-Marshmallow| Mint| Sweet| | Nothing | Bitter| 2-Lemon| Lemon| Sour| | Apple| Sour| 3-Pear| Green apple| Sour| | Lemon| Sweet/Sou r| 4-Lic| Lemon/Mint| Bitter| | Cherry| Sweet| Results/Conclusion The results for each independent variable are as follows: Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor without nose plug= 13 out of 32.Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor with nose plug= 3 out of 32. Number of right guesses of jellybean flavor with nose plug after already tasting jellybean without nose plug= 1 out of 16. The first part of the hypothesis stated that impairing the sense of smell with a nose plug would affect the taste of the jellybeans. Almost half of the flavors were guessed when given without smell impairment compared to three flavors guessed when smell was impaired. This supports the hypothesis that when smell is impaired taste is affected. The nose plug did affect the taste of the jellybeans.The hypothesis also stated that the subjects would remember the actual taste of the jellybean by memory when first given a certain flavor with no smell impairment and then given the same flavor with impai rment of smell. Only 1 out of 16 guesses were accurate. Therefore, group two did not remember the taste of the same flavored jellybean when given the nose plug. In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially supported. Works Cited 1. American Academy of Otolaryngology. â€Å"How do Taste and Smell work? † http://www. etnet. orgHealthInformation/smellTaste. crm 2010. 2. Frank, Robert. â€Å"Taste–smell Interactions Are Talent and Odorant Dependent — Chem.Senses. † Oxford Journals | Life Sciences & Medicine | Chemical Senses. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. . 3. Smith, David V. â€Å"How Taste Works. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. T. 2006. 4. Swindle, Mark. â€Å"How Odors Are Detected. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. Smell. 2000. 5. Swindle, Mark. â€Å"Structures Important In Smell. † World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. Smell. 2000. Acknowledgements I would like to thank God for making the human body so interesting and wonderful. Also, I would like to than ks my teachers and parents for helping

UVA Acceptance Rate: What Does It Take To Get In?

The University of Virginia accepts 27% of students. What does it take to get in? One of the most prestigious public universities in the nation, the University of Virginia was founded in 1812 by Thomas Jefferson. The school prides itself on cultivating leadership and providing education at a reasonable cost. Located in beautiful and historic Charlottesville, UVA boasts distinguished faculty and alumni, numerous research opportunities (especially in medicine), and emphasizes the holistic student experience. If you are looking for one of the best educations you can get at an affordable price, UVA might be the school for you. Keep reading to learn more about the tips that have helped ’s students get into UVA. Apply using the Common Application or the Coalition Application. We recommend that students use the Common Application, because it is more established than the Coalition Application. Students must apply by November 1 for Early Action, or January 1 for Regular Decision. To apply, be sure to send in all of the following: Getting into UVA takes hard work—last year only 27% of applicants were admitted. UVA had 36,779 students apply last year, and only 10,058 were admitted. As of their Early Action deadline this year, they already had 24,950 applications, so it’s definitely a popular choice for many high-achieving students. UVA has a preference for in-state students, aiming for two-thirds of the student body to be from Virginia. Last year, 39% of Virginian applicants were admitted versus 22% non-Virginians. If you aspire to attend a school like the University of Virginia, it’s critical to surround yourself with people who have been through the process previously. offers mentorship for underclassmen and applications counseling for seniors to help you set yourself apart from the crowd. Even if you don’t choose to work one-on-one with one of ’s trained near-peer mentors, connecting with someone who has successfully gained admission to a school like UVA can make the difference between rejection and acceptance. UVA is interested in you as a person, not just your grades or your essays. Use your application to reflect your strengths in these areas. Academics. You’ll want to take challenging courses throughout high school, but you’ll also want to do well in them. Last year, 89.4% of the enrolled students ranked in the top tenth of their class. For standardized test scores, the middle 50% of admitted students earned SAT scores of 1320-1500 and ACT scores of 31-34. It’s important to note that UVA is a Top 40-50 college for in-state students in terms of profile competitiveness. UVA for out-of-state students, however, is about as competitive as a Top 20 college (more than USC/UCLA, slightly less than UC Berkeley). Students should keep this in mind when looking at overall admissions statistics like GPAs and test scores. Extracurricular activities. UVA admissions officers don’t care about what you love so much as that you pursued your passions meaningfully. This could mean founding new clubs, taking on leadership within existing school organizations, or creating opportunities within your school and community. But formal leadership isn’t the only way that you can show your passion—pursuing excellence through competitions or serving your community as a dedicated volunteer can demonstrate how you live your values. Character. UVA spends a lot of resources on their students, providing enriching research and study abroad opportunities so that students can develop as leaders and pioneers in their fields. Use your essays to showcase your strengths and values, and choose recommenders who know you well enough to write a compelling letter for you. Contributions to Community. UVA wants to bring together students with a wide array of talents and past achievements who will be a credit to their school. Whether you’re a leading medical researcher in the making or an aspiring entrepreneur, show how you will bring new ideas and energy to UVA’s community. Submit your application early if you’re out-of-state. Applying EA at UVA has some value for out-of-state students but holds little admissions value for in-state students. It offers less of an admissions boost overall, however, than other colleges with unrestricted EA. Also know that UVA tends to accept more students off the waitlist than peer colleges. So students who have lower chances should still consider applying to UVA, and waitlisted students should always follow the full follow-up process. Our Early Advising Program helps students in 9th and 10th grade discover their passions and build strong academic and extracurricular profiles to succeed in high school. Explain how your choice of school plays into your goals for college. When you apply to UVA, you’ll apply to one of 5 schools: the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Architecture, the School of Engineering, the School of Nursing, or Kinesiology. You don’t choose a major until the end of your first or second year at UVA, so really hone in the reason behind your selected school and what your academic goals are. Tell your story. The only things that a UVA admissions officer knows about you is what is in your application, so make sure you highlight your strengths, your values, and your passion. To provide a little extra insight into who you are, consider including the arts supplement if you are talented and have earned awards at performances or showcases. Partner with recommenders. Most students choose a recommender and let the recommender do all the work. But because UVA doesn’t accept supplementary materials beyond the arts/architecture supplement, you need to make sure that every piece of your application is strong. Brainstorm ideas of what to include or emphasize in your letter with your recommender, and let them read drafts of your essays. Give them all the help they need to make their letters flow with the rest of your application. UVA receives more qualified applicants than it can admit each year, so don’t be too hard on yourself if you’re ultimately rejected. There are many other amazing schools where you can find success. Admissions appeals are not accepted due to the long list of qualified applicants on the waitlist. We do not recommend petitioning your decision. UVA does accept transfer students, but you need to have at least a 3.0 college GPA, and ideally a 3.5 GPA. The transfer acceptance rate is still selective, ranging from 35-40%. You may want to consider attending Virginia Community College to guarantee your ability to transfer. We think that the best option, however, is to commit to another equally great school. If you still want to transfer after a year or two, you can consider it then. If you’re looking

Graffiti Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Graffiti Art - Essay Example The new investigation technique is cracking down on gangs using GIS.As graffiti become the signature move for gangs, the police department is coming up with plans to take help of this illegal act for their positive purpose of busting the gang members. Each gang maintains its unique attributes. The weapons, their purpose and their future plans, can be calculated by these paintings in the streets. The GIS system is a combination of spreadsheets and Excel documents, which allocates graffiti locations and works to help mark the range of territory of the gangs. This system efficiently helped to trace ‘F-stones’, one of the reputed gang of the country. The book â€Å"Wallbangin’: graffiti and gangs in L.A’ written by Susan A. Phillips, begins with a short story of graffiti. The art started as a form of cultural and artistic combination at art. Everyone used to adore the beauty on streets but soon the evil side of US population took it as mean to symbolize their gangs and its activities. Susan enlightens the reader about how the habitat, ethics and culture of gangs affects the way they create graffiti. The book â€Å"Wallbangin’: graffiti and gangs in L.A’ written by Susan A. Phillips, begins with a short story of graffiti. The art started as a form of cultural and artistic combination at art. Everyone used to adore the beauty on streets but soon the evil side of US population took it as mean to symbolize their gangs and its activities. Susan enlightens the reader about how the habitat affects the way they create graffiti. ... Everyone used to adore the beauty on streets but soon the evil side of US population took it as mean to symbolize their gangs and its activities. Susan enlightens the reader about how the habitat, ethics and culture of gangs affects the way they create graffiti. They used it for impolite communication with the antagonistic gangs and also as a mean to create warning signals for the civilians or the security agencies. Los Angeles, as being a populated city serves as a home for many of these gangs marked by their graffiti art. The author of the book â€Å"the graffiti subculture: youth, masculinity, and identity in London and New York’, by Nancy Macdonald, addresses the topic ‘graffiti’ with a rather socialist and psychological approach. The greed for fame, authority and power rules the mind of every man who seeks for some kind of evil. The young blood involved in the acts more often. Researchers have observed that most of the wall paintings near to colleges and uni versities seem to advertise some of the nick names of the students or expressing some emotions that are hard to express. Graffiti became a lucky medium for students until the legal or illegal debate began. Also the writer expresses grief concern for graffiti leading to masculinity, which can also be a crime. In the book ‘legal guide for the visual artist†, author Crawford educates the people about the concern of growing number of ‘graffiti’ artists throughout the world, and especially in US urban center. The US government has criminalized the graffiti art-work and any person found guilty of thrashing a person’s property is held responsible and abducted. Under the law, graffiti is termed as engraving, painting, layering, drawing upon or

Identity Theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Identity Theft - Research Paper Example Identity theft can be of several types and in order to know what steps to take about it, the victim must first know what type of identity theft has been committed. Financial Identity Theft: This is the most common type of identity theft which takes place. Whenever an identity theft takes place, the first reason which comes to mind is due to financial reasons. Money is the main resource after which everyone is running nowadays. Through this type of identity theft, the thief gains the financial benefit in the name of the victim. The thief may get access to the victim’s credit cards, loans, bank details, or other financial details and use them for his personal economic benefit. Medical Identity Theft: Medical identity theft is one of the most dangerous forms of identity theft as recorded by the WHO that it’s the type of crime which can kill. This type of identity theft is the hardest to recover. The definition of medical identity theft mentioned by researcher Pam Dixon in her report was that this theft occurs when the thief takes advantage of medical care through the name or identity of the victim. There is a risk of financial harm in this type of theft as well just like all other types but in addition, there are risks of the thief's medical history to be added to the permanent medical records of the victim. Inaccurate information is difficult to correct from these medical records and may be dangerous in future when the doctors rely on the wrong information to deliver the victim appropriate medical care.

Managing a wide range of cultural diversity in the workplace is Essay

Managing a wide range of cultural diversity in the workplace is challenging but not impossible - Essay Example Cultural diversity in work place is difficult to handle, but is manageable. This essay will address the main hurdles in effective management under culturally diverse circumstances and solutions to such problems. Cultural diversity refers to multiculturalism or interaction of individuals from different cultures at one platform. This phenomenon occurs as a result of international migration. People from several diverse cultures and nations migrate to other places usually developed areas for work. This makes management difficult. According to UNESCO (2003) some 175 million people live away from their birth places and this rate was reported to be 200 million by the World Bank in 2009. When individuals from various diverse cultures accumulate in a single organization, the management is faced by following common issues: Where there is cultural diversity, people from different races are provided with several opportunities to interact. An interaction at such a level is sometimes ridden with racial issues that are again quite challenging to manage. In culturally diverse workplaces, sometimes individuals from a contrasting culture fail to absorb or even understand the organizational culture. This is referred to as a cultural shock. Cultural shock leads to negative feelings of helplessness and isolation, usually leading to poor performance at work by the individual. Communication barriers among the co workers due to their diverse cultures also pose a problem in such scenarios and if left un dealt with, can pose serious limitations in the organization’s overall performance. The main issues relating to cultural diversity that might pose a problem for management have been highlighted above. These issues suggest that management of cultural diversity is a difficult task. Now I will discuss how these issues can be dealt with making it possible to manage such a culturally diverse workplace. Cultural diversity can be managed at workplace if certain

Customer services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Customer services - Essay Example Purchasing, product quality and product manufacture may never interact or talk to clients directly, yet they are crucial aspects in meeting the needs of the customers. If a business wants to deliver costly goods that, does not work and make late delivery, this affects consumer service in the same way as the effects of rude sales representative will do. The entire business should consolidate its efforts to offer adequate and effective customer service. The paper will investigate different ways of enhancing customer service to enhance the profitability of an enterprise. Discussion In a bid to compete effectively in a real customer-driven way, a business must integrate its whole business operations around meeting the needs and wants if its customers – not marketing, selling and client service, but logistics of production and financial infrastructure and metrics. Business exceeds expectation of their clients by focusing innovation attempts in different areas such as creating frien dly customer process, ensuring workers commitment to services of customers and client dialog, (James, 2009, p.12). A business attains some excellence in these areas to attain effective customer service. Businesses with better customer services comprehend that providing a superior experience for clients’ triggers loyalty and enhance combine results. ... Managers should understand and improve clients experience with their products and overall business transactions and services, (Kerr, 1996, p41). Similarly, business should streamline its resources without compromising its essentials. The company should maintain close contact with its clients on a regular manner, update them with free product and service information and ensure client satisfaction. This is because mood and perception of customers truly matters in any business transaction. For instance, if one is operating a healthcare company, he should understand that his clients are dealing with emotional aspects such as medication and illness, (Leone, 1999, p.45). Therefore, the employees should offer the client with emotional support and offer empathy dimensions to motivate and retain customers. Clientelling model is an effective mechanism used by large-scale companies. It entails pairing a client with a representative or employee who signs in the customer’s actions into the company database and meets future customer services accordingly. This is effective in creating connections with profitable customers, (Macphee, 2011, p.89). A company can improve customer service using cost-cutting strategies that balance the budget without terminating fundamental service, for instances, acting on the terms of the clients. This will involve interacting with clients in appropriate ways. Instead of employing a customer greeter whom clients mainly dismiss, the managers can instruct workers throughout the company to welcome incoming customers. This is about providing services based on the client’s terms. Additionally, create a strong customer

The Government Should Not Cut Education Budgets To solve Its Financial Research Paper

The Government Should Not Cut Education Budgets To solve Its Financial Problems - Research Paper Example The proposed way to give the United States a continued competitive edge in today’s complex world is to give students in the U.S. an excellent education. Educational funding should not be used to solve the national budget crisis because: 1) money needs to be cut from the national defense budget, which is overcompensated; 2) education is too important to be relegated to lesser funding; and 3) cutting the budget for education will promote an elitist society because many people will see an education as a privilege and not a right. A Bloated National Defense Budget Defense spending being cut could be the solution to solving not only the nation’s budget crisis, but could also be used to funnel more money into education as a result. More money for the budget would then allow one to logically then conclude there would be more money for education in the national budget. "Consistent with US military needs and declining threats, defense spending will be cut [emphasis added], which will help reduce the deficit and provide funds to invest for economic growth."1 Unfortunately, military spending in the United States has gotten out of control. â€Å"Government control over the military's budget is also deficient, because the government lacks the ability to estimate the army's needs and to evaluate the manner in which its budget is utilized.†2 First when Pres. George W. Bush invaded Iraq without consulting Congress or the international community, he pledged American troops to eight years of combat in Iraq—from which the country still has not recovered. It has been ten years that the United States has been engaged in combat in Afghanistan as well. Both wars have drained the U.S. of its budget surplus which was in effect when Pres. Bill Clinton left office. That surplus quickly dwindled with the advent of the two wars. If less money was spent on wars and more money was pumped into education, perhaps schools all across the country would not require rest ructuring due to failing Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) benchmarks since the advent of the No Child Left Behind Act. America, frankly speaking, must prioritize in order to realize what is really important—having an educated public to make good decisions, or keeping the American people safe from all the possible dangers of the world by getting involved in every major conflict in the globe that could potentially endanger vested U.S. interests. These are difficult choices but they must be made, because the country’s energies are being divided in a haphazard fashion. Education: Too Important to Ignore The problems began when President Bush got elected to office in 2000 and started whittling down the surplus Bill Clinton had left behind when he left the office of the President—severely making cuts to education. â€Å"[President Bush’s] budget cut†¦funding for elementary and secondary education, denying 3.2 million children the extra reading and math help they were promised by the so-called No Child Left Behind Act.†3 Although President Barack Obama came to office in January of 2009 promising â€Å"change,† unfortunately he is also making cuts to education, including grants for history. â€Å"The President’s fiscal year 2012 budget request for the Department of Education once again eliminates Teaching American History Grants (TAH) as a separately funded program†¦

The Philosophy of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Philosophy of Crime - Essay Example It is committed because the scene has led to believe that the act is just and proper for the conclusion of a movement and silent event saturation in the irreversible process of mental, religious, and lawful check and balance. In the parameters of readers influence, thrillers and killer novels have a lot of drawbacks in the creation of ways and means and a network of scenes for fun and diversion. It is a reliable view to a kill for its sentiments and results were made through intensive imagination and research, what they are going to do is just to get on with the act and experience the fun and the rush. This paper will discuss first the factors that lead to the commission of the act to be able to understand more the reason for such environment and doer solidarity in a very abnormal state of philosophy and psychology. Approximations of rage. Rage so we say emotes intense anger experience through disappointments and failures that one loses grip of reality and norms of reasoning that results to uncontrollable expression through violent reactions. Rage is the perfect disguise for the commission of crime where a person relates the act to justified symmetry of evasively powerful reasoning. The variations of his adrenaline rush give him the feeling of great physical strength at accelerated brain processing information. Entering an intense state of focus in a dilated state to the source of their anger caused by a long term stress, a person can very well lose sight of what is proper and tend to move to act of what is justifiable at the moment of solitude and indecisiveness. This is the only emotion when a person can do almost everything to satiate grievances and hang ups that allow unplanned activity and unwisely impulsive behavior. Most of the crimes that happens were from the paraphernalia of adrenalin e rush and unplanned activity of rage level. Rage often lead people to impossible acts like its sole counterpart love where people do more than what is possible to omit loss and save lives or relationships. An ounce of love suppresses an ounce of rage as I may take it from the previous statement. So maybe a prevention of rage could be a medication of love where the unaccepted could be accepted and the unloved could be love. Environmental adaptation. Somehow our environment and high technology updates qualify the commission of crime to omission of incidental resources on selective war games software programming. Rather than finding ways to annihilate computer rage that destroys millions of children brain and school performance, software developers are just finding low cost economical means of taking out frustrations in computers. Psychologically determined damaging movies and thrillers must not be shown to children and the youth of today who are easily impress on a lot of things other than bargaining to obtain the rush of what was portrayed or hoping to do their own original act at their own original setting which resulted to actual mass murders in schools and at home. Unwise manifestations of parents and adult in their expressions of anger and personal squabbles witnessed by children may prove vital to the reenactment in their future lives as the inclination to rage was passed down. Environment and peo ple has a lot to do with the development of frustrations and rage. Crime is not perfect in

Personal class Design Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal class Design Project - Assignment Example th many youth especially those from my class are continuing to fall victims of drug abuse, it will be necessary to have practical examples through group discussions in order to effectively communicate with the students. The class is composed of 20 students who have just joined the secondary education. The class is a mixed class with more boys than girls. The sessions are designed to be taught 2 hours one in the morning and the second one in the afternoon. The class will be made up of students from all walks of life. This is a good parameter through which students from different backgrounds would be subjected to discussions with students from other settings to have the issue of drug abuse addressed comprehensively. Experiences of people with relatives or students with drug addiction would be indispensable in making the learning more practical. The10 minutes of the class will entails students responding to the questions outlined in their journals and which will also be written for them on the blackboard. The first question will entail what drug abuse is. The second one will entail causes of drug abuse, and the third one will entail effects of drug abuse. This part of introductory in a new class is intended to bring to the speed on whether the students prior understanding on the issue of drug abuse (Dupper, 2002). This way, the following activities will be dependent on the understanding of what the students know about drug abuse. This session will entail taking the students through various readings on the definition of drug abuse and its causes. This is critical in that it will first make students understand the topic at hand even before detailing how to develop an ad for anti-drug campaign. For this lesson, the students will be required to give their own understanding of what drug abuse is and give practical examples of the same. This is essential in that it will help in bridging the gap between the materials the students read in class and what they belief drug

Outline the Ways in Which Factors Essay Example for Free

Outline the Ways in Which Factors Essay There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background which may lead to differences in achievement between ethnic groups. The first way is from cultural deprivation, with the socialisation experience of children, values, expectations and norms transmitted at home. Driver and Ballard 1979 argued that high achievement in some Asian groups might be linked to the presence of close knit extended families. However with some ethnic groups many tend to have low income, which may explain why black pupils tend to underachieve as many children from low income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Some cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Evidence suggests that those ethnic groups who tend to underachieve also tend have low incomes. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2007 estimated that 70% of Bangladeshi and over 50% of Pakistani children grow up in poverty, compared to 20% of the white population and 30% of Indians. Unemployment is 3 xs higher in African and Bangladeshi/Pakistani people than for whites and Pakistanis are 2x more likely to be in unskilled/semi skilled jobs compared to whites which can lead to material deprivation. Moynihan 1965 said that many black families are headed by lone mothers and may experience poor care due to the lack of money. Some may have material deprivation because they cannot afford to pay for books and other materials that the child needs to do their work, and many may not have the room to do their work if they live in a cramped home meaning they may not be able to concentrate. This becomes a vicious cycle as if the child receives inadequate socialisation which equals in them failing at school meaning they may become an inadequate parent, which will repeat. Also some theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. There are other factors which effect different group’s educational achievement, with there being ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds, such as labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language which causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils.

Marketing Of Landscape Gardening Essay Example for Free

Marketing Of Landscape Gardening Essay Landscapers use their aptitude for art combined with their knowledge of plants to create breathtaking landscapes. But a landscape artist cannot share his knowledge unless he promotes his business. Business promotion is a combination of activities that create and maintain a positive image in a customers mind. Customer service, broad knowledge of the business and fair pricing strategies support promotional activities and contribute to the success of any business. Word of Mouth (Recommendations) This is the cheapest and best method of advertising your Landscape Gardening business, but it requires that you already have done some work. Your existing clients can be your biggest help in spreading the word about your business. This business thrives on referrals, so make sure that you talk to your existing customers and ask them if theres anyone that may benefit your service. Advertisements Advertise on newspapers, tv ads, local ad magazines, billboards, your vehicle etc, however, the ads should be short and easy to read. Plant Exhibitions Contact convention organizers and event planning agencies in your area and learn about business exhibition opportunities. Many events are geared toward the small business owner and are reasonably priced. Attend plant exhibitions to promote your business. Plant exhibitions allow you to promote your products or services at a venue related to landscaping. Such exhibitions provide a venue to network and reach out to customers. Trade shows are also a good place to distribute promotional items. Create Business Cards Create business cards that match your brochures and website design. Creating matching promotional collateral creates a cohesive feel and helps establish your brand. Make Brochures Create visually pleasing brochures. Make sure the brochure lists your services, pricing, contact information and a bit about the business. You can also hire a designer to prepare brochures for you. Create a Website Contact a Web developer or create a website on your own. Your websites content should appeal to people in your area. Include helpful information, such as guides to weeding, planting and winterizing gardens. Several services offer website packages that make creating a site simple. Link your site to Twitter and possibly a dedicated business page on Facebook

Sainsbury Plc Is The Leading Food Retailer Marketing Essay

Sainsbury Plc Is The Leading Food Retailer Marketing Essay Business environment: The business environment is the external and internal environment in which company works and which help in company to run the business and help it to face the various situations which affect the organization and their operations. According to (J. Kew, J.Stredwick, 2005) Environment is situational and is unique to each organization. The external environment consists of changes that takes place outside organization and are external factors and the changes taking place within the company are called as internal factors. The objectives and strategies are based on this and they can be affected by this external and internal factor. Pest analysis tool help to understand the framework of the external and internal factor of the company which helps company to survive and establish in market. The scan of external macro environment can be expressed in following terms Political, Economic, Social, and Technology sometimes two additional factors environmental and legal make it a PESTEL analysis. The increase globalization is opportunity and a good challenge to Sainsbury. The challenge is to get the best quality/financially viable products from all over the world. It can enter the markets of the existing companies through joint ventures and enter into new markets but they do not have such plans in horizon. The ongoing investigation of price fixing among the big retailers and Sainsbury being in forefront of this allegation can have negative impact on industries and Sainsbury (Rigby 2008). Sainsbury has good consumer relationship but although this could lead to negative public image and consumers could feel cheated. HBOS is on with whom the financial service of the Sainsbury works or run with (Annual Report 2007). The recession may end up people buying more of the essentials than the luxury items on which Sainsbury has its greater profit margin. Credit crunch also affects the Sainsbury bank credit directly as it does not have established name in financial services. The prices of food have increased all around the world as there is crisis of food globally, that has result in increasing purchasing cost of Sainsburys (economist.com 2008[online]). That has lead in increase of most of the price of products in Supermarket. Rising fuel cost will also lead to the increase in overall supply chain of Sainsbury and leading to increase in prices. The increase competition will lead to let of incentives to consumers which again affect the Sainsbury as it has to driven down its prices most of the time. Social Environment The social environment includes all the demographics and socio-cultural issues that is population based on age, income classification and distributions, community works and different view to work. The government has stressed on eating healthy food and this has been promoted by it [eatwell.gov.uk 2008]. This can help Sainsbury to stock up healthy food in cheaper price than other manufacturers and get benefit with this new trend. Sainsbury follows the responsibility of the society and its surroundings. It operates affective charities, sponsor games, arrange social activities, raise fund for animal and many more. As UK has aging population Sainsbury has started to recruit older employees to strike into this ongoing labor pool. Technological Environment The technological environment comprises of modern and new product innovation, invention and improvement. Its been predicted that by 2011 the UK online sales will be reaching Eur263bn, of which British shoppers would be their third in whole income. The 8% of the advertisement globally is through internet expense and these are rapidly growing (The Economist, 2007). The supermarkets have disadvantages of long queue holding for customers specially those who have fewer items to buy the self checkout machine like Asda and Tesco has helped the customers. If Sainsbury develops the self checkout service and its stores for 24 hrs can help boost the sales. The RFID can be used significantly to supply chain for Sainsbury although not in use if applied it can lead to most profit organizations [directions magazine 2008]. Legal Environment The stringent laws on food and drinks will lead to ever increase cost on packaging and labeling of the food item which is an additional financial burden on the Sainsbury. Even with respect to their interest in financial services there is more legal scrutiny in operations with the Sainsbury bank that is there is more responsibilities regarding the legal compliance and other risks. Sainsburys is in the boundaries of the legal forces locally, nationally and globally and are very close to enforcement in which firm operate. The company maintains different type of legal laws including Consumer laws, Competition laws, Employment laws and health and safety laws. Environmental Environment A lot of emphasis has been on big companies to increase their efficiency by reducing the carbon footprint [Bream 2008]. That is to go green issues and to reduce an impact on the environment the Sainsbury has to invest more on the green issues. Other like organic food and their sales and treatment of animals, affects Sainsbury on various levels. The importance given to this issues means they have to provide to consumers that are priced govern. It is a sensitive issue which Sainsbury has to cover with respect to bearing their consumers. Analysis of Porters Five Forces Porters Five Forces: By porters five forces we are going to investigate the threats of substitutes from supermarkets, the buying capability of purchasing groceries, buying capability of suppliers regarding groceries, last but not the least the buying power of customers. www.321books.co.uk, (2010) [online] 1) Barriers for Entry: The food retail market have a very high barrier to their entry , firstly because it is the most sophisticated sectors in the UK and it needs lot of investment and a significant brand which take years to establish (Doyle 2002). And retail is also not on advanced stage in UK and most of the other western world that is there is a scope for new entrants to develop in market is very scarce. It is necessary to know the basic and local things in food market. They have a certain support from few of their global markets in UK. 2) Power of buyer: Since the competitors sell the same product the power of buyer if high in this industry. The only difference is in their consumer loyalty and differentiation in price. As economy goes down due to recession consumer needs are going to be more concern and their power will be more. The strategy of Tesco was to cut prices in order to increase the sales. The reason for the success of its competitor like Asda and Tesco was high as they were not only handling price cut but also expanding on home wears. Asda adopted the strategy of high volume non-food strengths and MS went with the strategy of top-end luxury food. 3) Power of suppliers: Suppliers power is equally distributed and they are the huge companies like Unilever, Cadbury, PG which has huge brand appeal. If supermarkets do not sell their products the consumer will shift their loyalties and suppliers will be more powerful. If product of big companies as well doesnt reach supermarket stores their sales volume could be hampered. There is no consideration of small suppliers as it depends on the supermarkets. The low price platform of the retailers have given the customer the platform to buy from the stores with less or promotional price. 4) Threat of Substitute: Threat of substitute in food retail industry is low as it is a necessity especially in emerging market and developed world. The retail market tries to bring new updates and promotions so that shopping can be pleasurable experience which makes it difficult to be replaced in market. The major treat comes from the internal substitute where one supermarket lap up business of other. 5. Rivalry: There is a very stiff competition to grab the market shares from all supermarkets. The market share of Sainsbury was 14.9% in 2007 and has increased gradually. SWOT Analysis Strength, weakness, Threat and Opportunities Various companies need several business strategies to run their business in a smooth manner. They follow various methods to do so. One of the major is to analysis the strengths weakness of the company along with the opportunities it has and which may arise in future and the threats which they may face. STRENGTHS WEAKNESS THREATS OPPORTUNITIES Strengths The great turnaround in Sainsbury business is through its growth of thirteen straight quarters (Rigby and Braithwaite 2008). The turnover in 2007 was 7% with an increase in profit was around 450% P.A. It consists of good environmental issues due to its recently taken steps of buying fair-trade goods.  It is one supermarket chain which has a celebrity endorsing products leading to increased sales. The Jamie Oliver has helped in uplift in sales and it can be seen in various ad campaigns. There positive consumer brand is liked by both green activities and consumers. The key strengths of the company are marketing and branding has distinguished them in minds of customers. The orange color used by Sainsbury is very traditional to the campaign. Weakness 1. It has been recently overtaken by some private firm called as Qataris, Sainsbury being governed by the firms can lead to the consumer switching loyalties. 2. Except U.K. Sainsbury is not present elsewhere unlike Tesco expansion plan [economist.com 2008]. This can lead to problem if there is some problem in food retailing in U.K or if there needs to be source of extra growth. 3. The differentiating competitive advantages are missing. 4. Their infrastructure change in their stores was a weak attempt which only ended up confusing customer in stores. Opportunities: Sainsbury has many other businesses that have a great future opportunity. Their investment in property and pound 40 million profits through its bank seems good strategy to follow. The organization has resources and capabilities to improve with technology and new applications. They can win back the customer trust by improving their customer service especially through loyalty programs. Threats: 1. Supply chain of Sainsbury is directly affected by the bio-fuel consumption which is important tool for green environment effects. 2. Its operations are subjected many regulatory requirements related in planning, pension plans, employment and employment in terms of products and services. [www.guardian.co.uk 2010] The market share pie chart shows that Sainsbury has slipped down in recent year in the market drastically. Tesco leads with 30.6%, Asda ranks 2 with 16.8% and Sainsbury was out spaced with 4.4% [www.guardian.co.uk, 2010] Bowman strategy Clock: C:My DocumentsWEBSITEbowmans_lesson.gif C.Bowman, D.Faulkner, (1996) The Bowmans clock is analyses competitive position of the markets as compared to other competitors. The first step is competitor analysis, the process of identifying, assessing and selecting the key competitors. The second step is developing competitive e marketing strategies that strongly position the company against competitors and give it the greatest possible competitive advantage {P.Kotler, et-al, (2008)}. There are eight options: 1) High Price: Sainsbury being the old brand they have their price on products very much more which mean high margin. Sainsbury has high price for all its products but it does focus more on pricing then to focus on customers. Sainsbury has a high price and hence is a cost Leadership. They have high price and value products. Increased price/standard: Sainsbury has the marketing tool of high pricing hence it has higher margin than most of its competitors, but it is not only the high price it is also the quality and exclusivity that they offer. The Sainsbury is brand hence is followed by the people who are endorsed with brands and it does have most of its target customers as the loyal customers who are stuck with them due to its high value and brand image. www.brandingstrategyinsider.com, (2010) [Online] 2) Differentiator: Sainsbury Differentiates itself with their main objective of high price offered to customers with an added value services provided as it has value and brand image associated with it. a) Focused differentiation: The Sainsbury is the cost differentiator as it has its loyal customers and is in UK market upholder of its brand image as compared to other competitors it does not focus on lowering the price. In order to gain back its position the Sainsbury should focus on following differentiator factor It should focus to be successful internationally, as Sainsbury is only in UK. It should develop new market and new product to gain its position. Focus on its customer service: Sainsbury has lost their customers because they were not getting good products in higher values as compared to Tesco and Asda rates. It should focus on unique product and service. Developing retail service: Sainsbury has resources which they should use and develop the self checkout on 24 hours stores and develop its IT services it will help in increasing their sale. Earning Customer loyalty back through various nectar points and loyalty cards giving customers offers and benefits and hence being committed to customer and developing the bond of loyal customers. It should maintain long term customer relationship management. In year 200 the organization realized that they were not gaining success and their share price fell by 23.3% which needed some drastic changes to overcome the business performance. Sir Peter had through its supervision concentrated on Stores, Customer service and maintaining their supply chain and also enabling the development of its IT solution to improve their performance. In 200o the store had undergone the strategic programs to overcome their store faults. The steps which were taken were as follows To increase their share holder value store needed to be placed in new market position The target customers needed to be focused and the stores management and service needs to be improved. Focus on customer shopping experience through its team members and managers work in the store. The infrastructure needs to be focused as in accordance with customer and the commodity and employee performance should be raised. The advantage of synergic group should be taken and focus on B2B,B2C and e-commerce These were the strategic measures taken by the company but it still needed a deep organization and customer development with respect to competition in market [www.universityessays.com]. 2) Focused differentiation: Sainsbury strategy is not their customers but they focus more and their products and hence always have them as high priced. Their target customers are those who have image of high price means high quality and since its mainly in Britain there most of the loyal customers are their own people who prefer the brands, on other hand their competitor like Tesco and Asda targets customers by control on pricing. It does focus on its product value and high price but Sainsbury should know that the price is a marketing tool which attracts people the most. The most important reason for the fall of Sainsbury from top supermarket in UK market to number three, is as stated by their CEO (J. King 2004) We have not stayed as sharp on pricing as we should have done. www.allbusiness.com, (2010) [Online] www.brandingstrategyinsider.com, (2010) [Online] Performance Sainsburys reports slowest sales growth in five years Sainsbury has reported slowest growth in past five years and has been forecasted to have tough year ahead. Their like for like sales excluding the fuel rise 1.7% in fourth quarter compared to third quarter 3.7%. In 2009 sales were 2.3% ahead [www.guardian.co.uk]. Sales of general merchandise like clothes grew three times than the rate of food. It had swung a profit before tax of pound 19 million from loss of pound 48.6 million [www.guardian.co.uk.]. According to news and media it expects to sell its independent titles in UK shortly, after having 39%drop in full year operating profits. It had made loss of euro 31.4m down from 161.4m in 2008[www.guardian.co.uk.] The five year operating margin of Sainsbury 1. Underlying operating margin5  (%) Underlying operating margin (%) 2. Underlying profit before tax6  ( £m) Underlying profit before tax ( £m) 3. Underlying basic earnings per share7  (pence) Underlying basic earnings per share (pence) [www.j-sainsbury.com 2010] http://www.j-sainsbury.com/ar10/businessreview/keyfinancialperformanceindicators.shtml From the above figure 3 figure of five year plan of Sainsbury performance can be seen that the Sainsbury had a significantly slow sales growth of margin in these years. Conclusion: The Sainsbury has slipped down in UK market in past five years which can be proved from the evidence collected in porters five forces and SWOT analysis. The business environment study of Sainsbury shows that the main reason of the slipped down of Sainsbury was its not concentrating on the price factor but tits more emphasis in changing and developing the stores which had made customers more complicated about their store locations. Also Sainsbury overtaken by the Qataris the other foreign body has raised the question to their customers and hence switching their customer loyalty. The other competitors of Sainsbury were always on the market increasing their sales and attracting customers through low price like Tesco and Asda but Sainsbury enjoyed its leadership. They should focus on more of its strengths but being threat by the competition through price competition they are becoming weak and hence it has slipped down in market. In order to remain in competition Sainsbury should focus more on its customers and make their products look different from those of others. They should keep up with the technology and always be updated and be in pace with others. They should focus on their price strategy and support the environmental issues to compete in the market they have to bear in mind the customer likes and change according to their tastes.

Leonardo Da Vinci Essay -- Art, The Mona Lisa

â€Å"Artist, inventor, and scientist Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest thinkers of the Renaissance.† (Stewarts 19) Often referred to as the â€Å"Renaissance Man†, Leonardo Da Vinci was a true genius (Stewarts 19). On April 15, 1452, Leonardo Da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy, and the world was never the same (Leonardo Renaissance  ¶ 1). His mother moved away shortly after, leaving Leonardo Da Vinci’s father, Ser Piero Da Vinci (Rosand 228), to raise him (Leonardo Renaissance  ¶ 1). Growing up on a family farm, Leonardo could easily study nature (Leonardo Reviewed  ¶ 3). Leonardo Da Vinci developed a vast amount of interests during his extraordinary life. At the age of 15, Leonardo Da Vinci began to apprentice an artist named Andrea del Verrocchio in Florence, Italy (Leonardo Renaissance  ¶ 2). This apprenticeship allowed Da Vinci to study the basics of sculpting and painting (Stewart 19). Although at a young age, Leonardo Da Vinci began to show signs of incredible talent (Leonardo Renaissance  ¶ 2). In fact, Andrea del Verrocchio permitted him paint an angel in his painting, the Baptism of Christ (Stewart 19). When Verrocchio realized Da Vinci’s angel was much more life-like than his own, Andrea del Verrocchio vowed never to paint again (Stewart 19). While Da Vinci was in Florence, several Scopeto monks requested that he paint an altarpiece called the â€Å"Adoration of the Kings† (Leonardo Reviewed  ¶ 5). However, Leonardo Da Vinci stopped working on this piece in 1481, leaving it incomplete (Leonardo Reviewed  ¶ 5). In 1482, Leonardo Da Vinci made the move to Milan to work for the Duke of Milan (Leonardo Reviewed  ¶ 6). He carried out a variety of tasks while working in Milan, including paintings, designing costumes, and working on vario... ...controlled the human body (Summers  ¶ 18). Another area of science Leonardo Da Vinci exhibited interest in was mechanics (Summers  ¶ 16). He produced designs for ideas such as parachutes, aircrafts, helicopters, and a flying machine (Summers  ¶ 16). Also, he designed assorted war machines, including tanks and machine guns, and movable bridges since he also worked as an engineer and military architect (Summers  ¶ 16). In 1513, the King of France, King Francis I, invited Leonardo to come to Paris and granted him with the title â€Å"Master of All Arts and Sciences† (Stewart 21).For six years, he lived and worked in France (Encyclopedia  ¶ 1). He died in France in 1519 (Stewart 21). Leonardo Da Vinci truly was â€Å"the most versatile genius of the Renaissance.† (Rosand 228) His accomplishments are still used in modern day and will always have a lasting impression on the world.

The Treasure of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pisan Essay

The Treasure of the City of Ladies by Christine de Pisan Christine de Pisan’s book, The Treasure of the City of Ladies, explains in detail the various aspects of women’s lives during the late Medieval and Renaissance culture. She addresses all women of this time from those with power and authority to the poorest peasant women. Christine de Pisan focuses on three main areas of a women’s life during this time period. First she discusses the role of knowledge and education in the lives of the various women. Then she offers her advice to all the different women of varied backgrounds and social standards. She relates how all of these women are in fact connected due to common concerns. Finally, she depicts how men and women interact with one another. By describing the way in which women are treated by the men during this time, she portrays the typical relationship between men and women during Renaissance times. Women were expected to lead a very specific life, focusing on the men of their society. Throughout Christine de Pisan’s book, she refers to the three ladies of Virtue: Reason, Rectitude, and Justice. These ladies are the foundations of her teachings. She uses them to explain the relationship between men and women and how they view one another. The lady Prudence teaches all the women of that society about the â€Å"rules† they should follow in order to be good Renaissance women, specifically in their relations with men. â€Å"Now we would like to advance for their edification seven principal teachings, which according to Prudence are necessary to those who desire to live wisely and wish to have honour† (62). These teachings say that the women should love their husbands; they should live in peace with men. If they f... ...d the chance to lead a respectable life according to the â€Å"rules† of the ladies of Virtue. In the late Medieval and Renaissance time period, women had a strict standard to live up to. They should love their husbands, respect them, and obey their commands. The men in return fulfilled the women’s needs by supplying them with whatever they needed. The men and women lived with a mutual respect between themselves. Works Cited Author: Christine, de Pisan, ca. 1364-ca. 1431 Uniform Title: Livre des trois vertus. English Title: The treasure of the city of ladies, or, The book of the three virtues / Christine de Pisan ; translated with an introduction by Sarah Lawson. Published: Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England ; New York, N.Y., U.S.A. : Penguin, 1985. ISBN: 014044453X (pbk.)

The Thematic Significance Of The Floral Images In Wide Sargasso Sea. :: essays research papers

Wide Sargasso Sea is the story of Antoinette Cosway, a Creole heiress who grew up in the West Indies on a decaying plantation. When she comes of age she is married off to an Englishman, and he takes her away from the only place she has known--a house with a garden where "the paths were overgrown and a smell of dead flowers mixed with the fresh living smell. Underneath the tree ferns, tall as forest tree ferns, the light was green. Orchids flourished out of reach or for some reason not to be touched."(p.16). Floral Images are central to the theme in the novel Wide Sargasso Sea. They are present throughout the entire novel and also have an effect on the atmosphere. There are several examples. The first and most prominent floral image in the novel is of the garden at Coulibri, "But it had gone wild. The paths were overgrown and a smell of dead flowers mixed with the fresh living smell." (p.16). Antoinette describes the garden as being full of life but now everything is dead, this symbolizes something that is beautiful but gone back or is not going to last long. The garden is also compared to the garden of Eden, "Our garden was large and beautiful as that garden in the Bible-the tree of life grew there"(p.16). When she refers to the "tree of life growing there" it is as though she is looking back and relating to the former slave owners. She also says "The scent was very sweet and strong. I never went near it."(p.16). This excerpt is symbolizing her constant fear to ever be close to giving love. Another floral image is that of pink roses, "There where two pink roses†¦touched it the petals dropped."(p.72), "have all beautiful things sad destinies."(p.72). These quotes are referring that Antoinette is beautiful like her mother but look at their destinies. Another image is that of a falling flower, "One morning a small flower fell†¦looked like snow.

Playing and Winning

Most people like to play games, such as sport games, computer games, and so on. Obviously, it forms a highly competition environment among those who play the games and of course, somebody will win or lose during the competitions. In order to get the first place, people would have to go through all the necessary practice. In fact, everyone wants to win the best price but winner is always one. In my opinion, no matter what the result is, people should focus on the process rather than the result. In many cases, people give too much focus on the result. For instance, students in the school all want to get an A on their assignments, but it always ends up with some negative effects. Some of them will cheat during the test or copy someone else’s work to turn in. Focus too much on the grade will not do any good for their own benefits but decrease their self-value. Without doubt, champion is importance in a competition, but there are things more than that. In the Olympics, athletes come from all over the world and each of them presents his or her country. Winning the game of course can benefits their countries and athletes themselves. But not everyone can win. I think the most important thing is that even though they did not win, at least they tried their best to participate in the events. If people are always focusing on winning, they would not concentrate on their own sports and make their efforts in vain. Focusing on process has many effects such as friendship and experience. Even though people are winning, they still feel happy because they gain experience and it makes a chance for them to learn from their mistakes. The most important thing is whether people learn things or not. I think not being a winner does not mean you are a loser because when things come, not winning could bring more benefits than winning. I disagree with that playing a game is fun only when you win. We can have a lot of fun when we put ourselves in wholeheartedly. Once we take one thing seriously and try our best, then at least the process is really great, it also worth to be proud of.

Montessori method of education Essay

Dr. Maria Montessori is the laminitis of the Montessori mode of tr personaling. She started her initiatory enlightenroom Casa dei Bambini or Childrens subbody structure in 1907. Montessori method of knowledge stresses the brilliance of esteeming babys Help me to assist myself . Montessori instruction celebrates its ordinal yr in 2007. The ends of a Montessori instruction were to stage rise inward-moving preparation. lingual c each on the carpet learning. arithmetic. sensual instruction. operable(a) deportment accomplishments and wind thought by with(predicate) the instruction of the self-coloured minor and the integrate of the househ centenarian into the archean instruction melodic arrangement. Montessori began her didacticsal experiences by functional with grumpy demands fools.At the rationalize of Montessori. token needs nestlings were thought of as a lost cause . They could non larn how to go members of parliamentary law because intelligenc e was fixed. She strongly inappropriate to the perceptual experiences on cognitive abilities of these electric razors at the clip. and relyd that they could larn how to go members of society by dint of token hornswoggleing techniques that utilized centripetal instruction and hands-on experience. Her pop the question was to learn bugger off ins faculty members finished with(predicate) practical put to death experiences and to to fall apart the satisfying genius of the squirt with tug. sensory. and rational action ( Hown(prenominal)stock. 1997. 35 ) . Montessori The Montessori schoolroom is a meticulously vigilant environs designed specific altogethery to attract into the demands of the dupe both physic from each one(prenominal)y and e interrogative sentence onlyy. ace facet of the prep ard surround involves the service adapted vivification activities. M some(prenominal) cover look activities argon tasks the youngster serves r out(a)inely performed in the place. They each serve a meaty draped as the chaff Masterss each piece of clear such as binding places. pouring H2O. brushing. or sue out uping and cookery. by dint of practical action activities. a put on go forth similarly develop and polish societal accomplishments. These accomplishments develop done unimaginative Life stool self-esteem. conclusion and independency.The pupil learns to take attention of him and the ring surroundings. Maria Montessori explown(prenominal)s in. The Discovery of the Child. through and through practical life exercisings of this kind the tiddlers develop a align social feeling. for they ar functional(a) in the environment of the community in which they live ( 5. pg. 97 ) . Additionally. all c returne out motor accomplishments atomic number 18 improved through usage of the Practical Life stuffs. through repeated underpickingss which alter a befool to polish concentration. coordination. independency. and order. a pip -squeaks champion of self-worth grows. The Practical Life accomplishments argon an infixed constituent in the Montessori schoolroom.not scarcely do they supply a linkup mingled with place and school for the hot Montessori pupil. that they go away a foundation for life-long love of While t adept rather pl personal and insistent. Practical Life activities be extremely purposeful. A pincer engaged in such activities demonstrates spicy degrees of concentration. perceive of order. and polish of all by ripes motor accomplishments. Besides. they specify a sense of independency through caring for unmatchedself and the environment. Furthermore. they show respect for schoolmates and teachers and develop a sense of pride. Not unless ar these accomplishments and qualities necessity to come on in the Montessori schoolroom. and they atomic number 18 anyway needed as an single develops into maturity.Practical Life activities foundation be divided into six drawsman trend s. First. argon Preliminary Exercises which assist in making modus operandi and order in the environment and argon requirements for un ilk activities. How to a axial rotation a mat. transport a chair. or how to open and shut a door atomic number 18 congresswomans of Preliminary Exercises. Practical life exercisings similarly include profound Skills such as pouring. spooning. or tonging. As with all lessons in the Montessori schoolroom. these activities follow a consecutive order and ideally. each lesson bods upon the in conclusion. some early(a) class is Care of ego. Activities such as rinsing custodies. plainlytoning. or binding enclothe laces assist the dupe to go naturally independent.Care of Environment is an former(a) class affecting activities such as brushing. irrigating. cleansing. and so forth Control of course is an country of Practical Life which encompasses lessons such as move the Line and the Silence Game. Additionally. societal clemency and Courte sy lessons are introduced to the peasant. These may include lessons on how to democracy please and give thanks you. crack uping person. or presenting friends and familiarities. Montessori stressed the kindred of these exercisings to the command felicity and full(a) organism of the put on. A churl who becomes a maestro of his Acts of the Apostless through long and repeated exercisings of practical life . and who has been encouraged by the pleasant and fire activities in which he has been engaged. is a shaver filled with health and comfort and peculiar for his composure and chastening ( The Discovery the Child. 5. pg. 93 ) .Changing types of presentations end be apply by the instructor to present Practical Life activities. First is a incorporate de moreover effrontery the babys at one step. This could include proper table manners. how to disrupt person. how to gibber with an inside voice. or how to address the page of a book. Another method is a group presen tation apt(p) to a little assemblage of kids. The last method of de only is Individual. given that to one kid at a clip.Montessori believed the brisk environment is straight cor resolve to the small frys learning. The schoolroom is a specifically designed country set up entirely for the kids. in that location should be a variety of accomplishment and application and all work operates together through the numbers. Montessori besides believed in the writeance of aesthetically delighting schoolrooms. Children respond well to beauty. order. and quality in their environment.Through the Practical Life activities in the Montessori schoolroom. a kid non merely learns concentration. coordination. independency and order. simply besides how to interact with others and derive an halt and grasp of the environment. The kid begins to construct himself from deep down while larning to handle him and others with regard and self-respect. These apprehensions ultimately prepare the kid for entry into society and a life- cartridge clip of self-respect and self-worthiness. Practical Life activities in the Montessori schoolroom finally provide the foundation for success in all countries of life. crusade Montessori verbalise- one of the large(p)est errors of our 24 hours is to believe of motion by itself. as some matter away from the higher functions ( The absorbent steer. pg 151 ) it is non any bit clear as to how scientists and instructors cave in failed to observe the supreme importance of body process in the edifice up of the big(a) mannish to bounteous staminate be It was during the clip of Dr Maria Montessori who felt it was clip to stress more on work in educational theory genial growth essential be binded with motion.Like mans sick placement is divided into three parts-BrainSense organs- postulate feeling and go through them to the encephalonMuscles the nauseatingnesss transmits nervous energy to the musculuss and this energy control s the motions of the musculuss. Motion is the lowest consequence to which the working of all these com gauzyd mechanisms leads up and it is because of motion that personality sight show itself ( The absorbent extend. pg 148 ) The great philosophers essential utilize address or authorship to draw his thoughts and this involves size of itable motion. What would be the cherish of his ideas if he gave them no look? This he rear end merely trade name by doing usage of his musculuss. Psychologists regard the musculuss as a draw of the cardinal nervous constitution ( works as a substantial to set swelled antheral in relation with his milieus ) and this whole setup of Brain. Senses and Muscles is called the musical arrangement of relationship- it puts adult young-begetting(prenominal) in march with his cosmea ( populating or non life and with other people ) and without its concern a adult male could h overage no see with his milieus or his chaps.The vegetive syste ms merely protagonist their proprietor to turn and be. It is the system of relationship which puts him into seize with the innovation There is null in the beingness which plays no portion in the cosmopolitan economic system. and if we are endowed with unearthly wealths. with aesthetic feelings and a refined scruples. it is non for ourselves. but so that these gifts shall be utilise for the benefit of all. and take their topographical point in the cosmopolitan economic system of religious life. Nature has given us many abilities and these moldinessiness be developed and utilize. We know that for the enjoyment of level-headed wellness. bosom. lungs and stomache moldiness all work together. We must use the said(prenominal) regulation to the system of relationship. the cardinal nervous system . . if we keep back a encephalon. sense chassis meats and musculuss. all these must collaborate. The system must performance itself in all its parts. none of them macrocosm neglect ed for exemplar we want to stand out in encephalon forefinger but to win in this we must include the other sides excessively. To hone any given activity exploit ordain be needed as the last phase of the rhythm.In other spoken communication a higher spiritualty can be reached merely through action and this is the point of position from which motion has to be judged. one of the greatest errors of our twenty-four hours is to believe of motion by itself. as something apart from the higher maps. we think of our musculuss as variety meats to be used merely for wellness intents. We take exercise or make gymnastics to reserve ourselves fit. to do us take a breath or to eat or kip better. It is an sneak which has been taken over by the schools. It is merely as though a great prince were world make the retainer of the shepherd. The prince the muscular system is merely beingness used to assist the vegetive life. Such set forth depart take to enquiry on that point comes nearly a separation between the life of motion and the life of idea. Since the kid has a organic structure and nous both. games must be included in the course of study so as to avoid pretermiting any portion of reputations proviso. To maintain believing about the maneuver on one hired man and the organic structure on other paw is to interrupt the continuity that should rein between them. This keeps action off from thought. The true intent of motion is to function the terminals of being that is the discipline of the head ( The absorbent head. pg 151 ) . all told motion has nigh intricate and refined machinery. but in adult male none of it is established at birth. It has to be formed and perfected by the childs activity in the universe. Movement and activity are natural maps of childishness and acquisition comes through them. Activity becomes increasingly of import to development. It is the motion that starts the consciousness working Till now all pedagogues ca-ca thought of moti on and the muscular system as AIDSs to respiration. or to circulation. or as a agency of constructing up physical beef up our saucilyly construct the position is taken that motion has great importance in cordial development itself. provided that the action which occurs is affiliated with the mental activity triping on. Both mental and religious growing are fostered by this. without which incomplete upper limit advancement nor maximum wellness ( speech production of the head ) can be. A kid is a inventor.He is an formless splendid being in hunt of his ain signifier. For illustration in the development of address. we see a turning forefinger of sympathiseing depart side by side with an lengthened usage of those musculuss by which he forms sounds and rallying crys. Observations make on kids the universe overconfirms that the kid uses his motions to branch out his apprehension. Movement helps in development of head and this finds renewed look in far motion and activity ( T he absorbent head. pg 154 ) . The kid additions experience through exercisings and motion. He coordinates his ain motion and records the emotions he experiences in approach path into cope with with the orthogonal universe. The importance of physical activity or motion in a psychic development should be emphasized. The kid has an internal power to convey about cordinations. which he creates himself. and one time these have begun to be he goes on honing them by pattern. He himself is clearly one of the chief originative factors in their production. The motions the kid acquires are non chosen randomly but are fixed. In the sense that each returns out of a peculiar menstruation of development.When the kid begins to travel. his head being able to absorb. has already taken in his milieus. He Is directed by a bass power. great and fantastic that he incarnates venial by small. In this manner. he becomes a adult male. He does it with his custodies. by experience. initiatory in drama so through work. The custodies are the instruments of mans intelligence. He constructs his mind measure by measure boulder clay it becomes feature of memory. the power to understand and the ability to believe. The childs head can get civilisation at a much earliest age than is by and large supposed. but his manner of taking in information is by certain sorts of activity which involves movement . ( Montessori notes ) It is really interesting to analyze the mechanised development of motion. non merely because of its elaborateness but because each of the stages it passes through is clearly seeable. troopss pes can be studied from three points of position the psysiological. the biological and the anatomical and all of them are just about interesting.The manus is in direct tie-in with the mans pass. but besides with distinguishable ways of life that work forces have adopted on the hide out in different topographic points and at different times. The accomplishments of mans man us are bound up with the development of his head. and in the visible radiation of write up we see it connected with the development of civilisation. The custodies of adult male express his idea and from the clip of his first visual aspect upon the public hints of his handicraft besides appear in the records of history. Hence. the development of manual accomplishment keeps tread with mental development. We are told that St. Francis of Assisi possibly the simplest and purest of tender psyches used to state Look at these great hills They are the walls of our temple and the consumption of our Black Marias ( The absorbent head. pg 163 ) The truth is that when a unacquainted(p) spirit exists. it has to happen itself in some signifier of work and for this custodies are needed. ( The absorbent head. pg 163 )The manus are connected with mental life. allows the head to uncover itself and enables the whole being to come in into particular relationship with its environment. His custodi es under the counsel of his intellect transform this environment and in that locationfore enable him to carry through his mission in the universe. The instruction of the motions is really complex. as it must match to all coordinated motions which the kid has to set up in his physiological being. The kid if left without counsel is chaotic in his motions and these robustious motions are the particular singularitys of the small kid. The kid is desireing the exercisings in these motions which will form and organize the motions that are utile to a adult male. The kid follows direction/instructions and if his motions are made a small definite so the kid grows quiet and contended and becomes an active worker. a being composure and full of joy. This instruction of motions is one of the chief factors in require forthing that outward visual aspect of discipline to be found in the childrens house . ( Montessori notes )Importance of motion Movement leads toMuscle development. both all rig ht and gross demand freedom for motion to take topographic point Stimulates the headStimulates the sensesDevelops concentrationDevelops independencyDevelops authorization ( through agility/balance and co-ordination ) Develops subject and willDevelops linguistic communicationLeads to standardizationConsequences in a sun-loving organic structure and headEmotional and rational development through motion Emotions are the impacting mental phases. organized by external thoughts of state of affairss and ever move while accompanied by bodily and mental exhilaration. However. when we talk about frantic development in kids. we find that kids show a handsome scope of aflame reactions. Sometimes they are excited and ebullient and at other times they are down and gruelling and some other clip they are merely angry. throwing fits. We find various sunglassess of emotions in them even at an early age. The word emotion originates from the Latin word Emovere which marrow to be excited. So. an emotion implies that province of head which excites a individual(a) when adult male is influenced by emotion he gets affected and his natural province of equilibrium is lost. exemplification of emotional development if we have to understand the emotions of a kid of school age. it is crucial to take into consideration his emotional development during the early old ages.Sometimes. freshly innate(p) babies behave as though they are violently aroused. If such vigorous deportment means the strength of his feelings. so we must reason that emotional experiences can be as intense during this early cessation as at any later(a) phase of growing. Again we see that a new born kid is relatively unresponsive to many stimulations which are credibly to elicit him in later phases. Children are surefooted of rich and varied emotional experiences in the class of their development work they are freehandeds. Children from birth to 2 old ages go through a assortment of emotions and goes t hrough many emotional experiences that may act upon his attitude towards life. Studies show that at birth thither are world(a) exhilarations largely refering his hungriness and amenitiess. after 2-3 months the kid shows definite marks of yearn on with delectation.By 6 months with his exposure of different sorts of stimulations the kid starts demoing other sunglassess of emotions desire hurt or uncomfortablenesss develops into fright. disgust and choler. With the satisfaction of his demands he feels delighted and by the clip kid completes one twelvemonth this delectation differentiates itself from fondness. the kid recognizes emotions in others and responds to it clearly. tho his emotions are non so strong as respect to joy and felicity when he turns one as they are at the age of 2. thereof we conclude that by the terminal of second twelvemonth the kid has already developed assorted emotions and feelings.Factors impacting emotional development There are many factors that affect the emotional development among kids. the major 1s are tiredness tired and exhausted kidIll wellnessOrder of birthIntelligenceEnvironmentParental attitudesThe childs emotions are still pure of contrasts. He loves because he takes in. because nature orders him to make so. And what he takes and absorbs to do it a portion of his ain life. so as to make his ain being ( The secret of childhood. pg 80 ) . The kid follows the adults and the oral communication of a adult are supernatural stimulations. The kid is enchanted and fascinate by his actions and words. What the grown up Tells him remains engraved in his head like words incised by a chisel on a rock. The grownup should number and mensurate all his words before the kid. for the kid is hungry to take from him. he is an collector of love. The create kid non merely acquires the modules of adult male strength. intelligence. linguistic communication. but at the same clip. he adapts the being he is building to the conditions of the universe about him.The kid has a different relation to his environment from ours. The things he sees are non merely remembered they form portion of his psyche. He incarnates in himself all in the universe about him that his eyes see and his ears hear. In us the same things produce no alteration but a kid is transformed by them. This critical sort of memory which absorbs is called Mneme . In this performance of alky up. acquisition. geting. accommodating the kid is building non merely physically but emotionally or psychic as good. The minute the kid understands his environment he learns to work and placate to it and so further wants to get the hang in it which leads to alterations consequently. In this complete procedure the undermentioned emotions are built Self esteemAssuranceFeeling of capablenessSense of accomplishmentTherefore. kids enjoy procedure non purposeThe distinct difference between adult male and carnal Montessori tends to follow a different point of view from ma ny redbrick psychologists. Most of the psychologists place great emphasis upon the inherited inclinations to behavior which adult male has in common with animate beings. They maintain that everything we do is based on the natural impulses of human act. Therefore the love of intelligence is but the sublimed inherent readiness of wonder. For Montessori. she believes that adult male differs from carnal productive activity non merely in bell ringer but besides in sort. She states that the most important thing about the kid development is non natural inclinations that are in common with animate beings. but the efficacy to lay down which distinguishes us from them.Here. she is non seeking to abandon or minimize the significances of their findings. but she is stating that these simple psychic forces are merely a portion of the inquiry and a lesser portion. her strong belief is Animals have alone to rouse their inherent aptitudes towards their specified deportment and their psy chic life is limited to this. But in adult male there is other fact the creative activity of human intelligence ( Montessori. notes ) . Unlike adult male. one can foretell the deportment of animate beings. whereas for adult male. what he will make in the hereafter. no 1 can state. For adult male there is no limit ( Montessori notes ) .Man is a rational animate being to be most like to God whose figure of speech we are made. Man entirely possesses that capable and god-like groundwork which enables us to make what no animate being has of all time achieved i. e. to lift to a consciousness of our being i. e. ego consciousness. to the cognition that I am I . It is with this gift of ground or mind as foundation that we are able to construct our single characters. How in short does a kid Begin to ground? Harmonizing to Montessori. it begins every bit early as a babe where the kid starts from nil. Its ground revolves round his internal working like a small bud. developing and presuming cover signifier from the images it absorbs from the environment. Harmonizing to Montessori at her talk in 1944. it was stated that the first twelvemonth of a childs life is the item where greatest psychic activity can develop by the human being. This is unmistakable because we know that the encephalon is one thing that is active during the first twelvemonth.That the ground wherefore the caput of a one twelvemonth old has doubled in size since its Born. At the 3rd twelvemonth. its encephalon is already half that of the adult- at four old ages eight tenths of its ultimate size. Montessori farther elaborated that it is during the first time period that the human being grows chiefly in intelligence the remainder of its growing during this period. being low-level to this developing psychic life. The three features we can incur about a kid during this period are The kid creates his ain head Since intelligence is what distinguishes adult male from all other animate beings. the first feature is the creative activity of intelligence. As said before he foremost constructs himself by absorbing everything from the environment by his unconscious mind head. With these countless feelings. the kid continues to construct his cognisant intelligence. Montessori said to construct up this aware intelligence. the work of the manus plays an of import and indispensable portion.The intelligence builds its ain instrument sanction fact is while building his ain intelligence he besides begins to build his ain bodily instruments of look. The childs power of motion will develop in subordination to this superior purpose i. e. of psychic development. Its activity will non be confined within the narrow leap of natural behaviour. but will work as an instrument of a free moral agent. His ageless fate is rigid within his ain custodies. Fantastic adaptative powers of the kid The 3rd feature of this period. are the fantastic adaptative power possessed by the kid. Montessori illustra ted this point by canvas adult male to animate beings. framework if a cat is born in France. England or India. it would mew merely the same manner wherever it grows up. However for a kid he will talk Gallic in France. English in England and Hindi or any other idiom in India. This is because of its inner verbalism .Motion and mental assimilation leads to integrating of personality The kid constructs himself through motion. The apprise of motion goes deeper that merely assisting in acquisition of cognition. It involves the development of childs personality -in 1st twelvemonth babe establishes his physical his physical development through motion. He learns to utilize his limbs and whole organic structure to transport out motions such as creeping. standing and walking and sometimes running. In the following few old ages he refines his gross motor accomplishments through motion. He continues to develop his all right motor accomplishments through activities that involve motions.As t he kid interacts with his environment. he absorbs the environment into his psychic life. Through repeated usage of stuffs in the environment he learns to compare. discriminate. differentiate and justice the qualities of the stuffs. As the kid additions experience through exercisings and motions. he co-ordinates his ain motion and records the emotions he experience in coming into progress to with the external universe. He learns self aid accomplishments. taking and sharing. This is the societal and emotional development of the kid.It is besides non able to let kids to larn without full-grown him the chance to work or look with the stuffs. When kids work with the stuffs. it involves originative motion. When learning kids. it is non sufficient for them to hear the things which we wish him to larn.We must give no more to oculus & A ear than we give to the hand ( Montessori notes )For illustration. in learning kids. the thought of dimension. it is no good to demo them a diagram of objects of assorted sizes. alternatively we need to supply kids with concrete stuffs such as the gnarled cylinder. work tower. brown stepss. long rods and knobbles cylinders. They must be given the chance to research and experiment with the stuffs. This is so with all Montessori stuffs whether it is the four trading operations in arithmetic. parts of address or acquisition of lands and H2O. It ever involves motion.The kid as an single nowadayss two facets the inwardness and the fringe. The message is seen as the innermost bastion of the personality from which action returns. At this meaning the kid increases his mental powers by seeking out esthesis and motion which takes topographic point at the 2nd portion of his personality i. vitamin E at the fringe. The fringe is that portion of the childs personality which comes in contact with the external universe. It involves the senses. motions and the outward manifestations of his pick. Through unremitting interaction of the centre and the fringe. the head of the kid develops and expands.The directress should be concerned with the fringe as it is that portion of the kid that is accessible to her. The other methods of learning purposes at acquiring to the centre straight. The teachers concern is to hunt down the fringe. The instructor prepares the environment that meets the childs inner demands and in his geographic pilgrimage of the stuffs. he abstracts thoughts from them. As both centre and fringe interacts. the kid builds his head. The objects in the environment can non be chosen at random. Each stuff possesses an thought or concept to be realized. non to be denote by the instructor. At the kid explore with the stuffs. this concept/idea become presented.In pattern. we frequently find that even if the directress has prepared the environment and presented the stuffs to the kids. at that place do non look to be a check off of the centre and the fringe. The kid does non look to be interested and his act see ms to be in a disorderly mode. Harmonizing to Montessori. the reply to this losing nexus is the Point of Contact . To explicate this. Montessori used the illustration of learning the grasp of music. If the instructor tries to play music forenoon boulder clay dark and kids are allowed to travel approximately to travel about at any rate and anyplace in a disorderly mode. there is a deficiency of contact. To find out this job. the musculuss. which move. should travel in response to the musical beat therefore set uping a psychic span between the psyche of the kid and the external world of music.The minute the kid understands that there exists the connexion ( i. vitamin E between the music and his motion ) . so the point of contact is established. So if the music changes its beat. so the kid becomes cognizant of it and changes his motion consequently. and he is on the route to hone himself. This world may be either material or religious but motion must ever attach to the kid at any ra te. permits expression at an illustration to understand how the point of contact aid development. In their presenting of the sensory stuffs. kids were given new sounds. new forms etc. The chief intent of it is non merely convey new sounds. new forms but to convey order into this new feeling.The trouble or the mistake that the kid is to detect and understand must be isolated in a individual piece of stuff. For illustration the long rods will show to the kid merely a fluctuation in length and non in coloring material and design. Such isolation will assist child shorten on the job more readily. It is through this method. that it leads the kid to be interested in dimension. and develop him to detect them in the universe about. Montessori calls her material keys to the Universe it is of import to incessantly retrieve that it is through this point of contact limited and precisely but quick work. helps the kid to cite the head to investigate at big in magic trick to something existe nt which opens up a new tract.With younger kids. nevertheless. it was observed that the exercisings in practical life will play an of import portion. but ever the point of contact will be established through motion. An illustration was to acquire up from a chair and carry it from one topographic point to another without any sound. The kids would be presented this construct of self flawlessness and would seek to make the same as it corresponds to his psyche. Again. we see the truth of Montessoris axiom that education begins through movement .