Crime And Behavioral Genetics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crime And Behavioral Genetics - Research Paper Example To gain an in depth insight of this hypothesis, this paper will outline an annotated bibliography of three journals: Gou, G. Roettger, M. Cai, T. (2008). The Integration of Genetic Propensities into Socio- Control Models of Delinquency and Violence among Male Youths, American Sociological Review, 73 (4); 543-568; Ferguson, C. J. (2010). Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behavior: A meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective, The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(2), 160-80, and Stone, R. D. (2003). The cloudy crystal ball: Genetics, child abuse, and the perils of predicting behavior. Vanderbilt Law Review, 56(5), 1557-1590 that have delineated the relationship between genes and crime. The annotated bibliography will be aimed at addressing the specific title of how genetics play a role in crime. Gou, G. Roettger, M. Cai, T. (2008). The Integration of Genetic Propensities into Socio- Control Models of Delinquency and Violence among Male Youths. American Soc iological Review, 73 (4), 543-568 As pertains to the author’s background, this journal is work of four authors. Guang Guo was a professor at the University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill and teaches sociology. He was also a member of the faculty at Carolina Population Center and Carolina Center for Genomic Sciences at the same University. Michel E. Roettger was a PHD candidate at the same University and his thesis statement sought to examine social inequality in relationship to the US criminal justice system. Tianji Cai a PHD holder at the same university was interested in sociological research methods that aimed at addressing how biology interplayed with the society. Intended audience of this journal article was the delinquent civil societies, the parents, the genetics departments and the criminal society. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of genes on violent delinquency by examining three genetic polymorphisms: 40-bp VNTR in the DATI gene, the 30-bp prom oter- region VNTR in the MAOA gene, and the Taq1 polymorphism in the DRD2 gene. Data used was collected from DNA subsample obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The study was based on a population size of 1,100 males whose DNA and measures to control their social behavior was available for incorporation in the study. The results of the study illustrated that there was a positive interaction between DATI, MAOA, and DRD2 and the deliquescent behavior reported among the males involved in the study. An interaction was reported between MAOA gene and DRD2 gene in association with having a family meal. The results illustrated that a weaker socio cultural involvement of the family and the school processes flared up the gene expression in deliquescent individuals. Social issues play a paramount role in the gene expression of the individuals who engaged in deliquescent behavior. Individuals who possessed a 2R allele as evidenced in the MAOA*2 genotype, upon repea t of a grade, they exhibited serous delinquency compared to individuals who did not express the 2R allele gene in their genotype. Repeating a grade and its influence in expression of MAOA*2 was attributed to the interference in the individuals social relationship with his peers, ridicule by his peer. They were also predisposed to feelings of shame, inadequacy, humiliation, and confusion weakening their bonds to social support structures

Summary for one page Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary for one page - Essay Example The clerks rattle me; the wickets rattle me; the sight of the money rattles; everything rattles me† (Leacock, 2012, p. 100). The readers will be introduced to the narrator right from the beginning of the story allowing them to relate with the plot of story. Moreover, the interesting beginning given to the story involves a bank manager and narrator who would go on in the story to discuss about bank account and as little money as fifty bucks. The way author has used allegory in the story further adds beautification of characters. Dialogue has been kept minimal making it sound more humoristic by the end of the story. Careful intimidation is done in such a way that it allows the narrator to overcome the fear of bank by the end of the story for readers. As it notes by the end, â€Å"As the big door swung behind me I caught the echo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..my savings in silver dollars in a sock† (Leacock, 2012, p.

Looking At Ibn Sina Avicenna A Muslim Scientist Religion Essay

Looking At Ibn Sina Avicenna A Muslim Scientist Religion Essay Ibn Sina,also known as Avicenna in western world, is a persian and a muslim scientist,scholar,theologian,matematician,poet, physician and a philosopher who was born in 980 C.E. in a village named Afsana near Buhara.He is also known to be a genius who displayed a great intellectial potential in his first years of education and had the chance to be educated by his father,who was a clerk for the royal palace and some of other persian teachers for the royal family. At the age of ten he was known to memorize the Quran and was proficient in arithmetics.During the next years he studied fiqh(islamic jurisprudence),linguistics,logic,euclidian geometry,philopsopy and The Almagest.He is said to be interested in and troubled with Aristotelean philosophy and metaphysics and overcame the troubles with the help of the book al-Ibane by another Persian philosopher Alpharabius and greatly influenced by him. After his fathers death, he left Buhara and went to get in the service of Qabus,ruler of Jurjan who was famous with his interest to education and taught logic and astronomy,also contined on writing Canon there.After the murder of the Qabus he continued on travelling around firstly going to Ray,a place near Teharan now, and then Hamada to cure the Amir Shamsud-Dawala to cure his colic and rewarded as being a prime minister for such a service. Avicennas days in Hamada went on busy and divided into two different jobs,being a prime minister and a scholar who gathered his students and taught medicine using his already finished two books Canon and newest one Kitab al-Shifa(means healing power in persian,also known as The Book of Healing in western civilizations). Those days ended after Amirs death.He hid himself in an apothecary and continued on his workd and teaching.At the same time Hamada was in war with Isfahan which was a city meaning more free environment and peace for Avicanna,so he secretly send letters to the important people of Isfahan,offering his services. The new Amir of Hamada got aware of this situation and Avicennas hiding place and put him into imprisonment. In time,Isfahan managed to capture Hamada and towns around it,after the war was over Avicenna returned to Hamada with Amir and continued on his studies for some time.One night,he escaped the city with his brother,a pupil and two slaves and went to Isfahan to be welcomed warmly by the Prince of Isfahan . Until his death,he remained in the service of the prince of Isfahan and offered his services to the Ala-al Daula the prince of Isfahan as his personal physician,literary and scientific adviser who accompanied him everywhere,including the military campaigns.As he was a chronic colic sufferer he lived his last years under great pain and refused to live moderately and allow himself to relax.He continued to accompany prince on his campaings and these were the places where made the Avicennas illness got stronger.He is said to be told that I prefer a short life with width to a narrow one with length. Although one of the most famous quotes from him is The world is divided into men who have wit and no religion and men who have religion and no wit. And he did not practiced the islamic duties for his religion publicly, he gave away his belongings to the poor,freed his slaves and read Quran at his last times of life.He died in june 1037 at the age of 58 and buried in Hamadan,Iran.His mausoleum is still could be visited in Hamadan. According to Al-Qifti,Avicenna wrote 21 major an 24 minor works on philosophy,medicine,theology,astronomy and the like. Eight of the sixteen medical texts are written in versifed treatises for example,25 signs indicating fatal termination of ilnesses,hygienic precepts,proved remedies etc. Apart from them,Canon is the largest,most widely known and one of the most important works of Avicenna which also led him to be known in western civilizations as well.It contains 14 volumes and more than one million words and unites Galens and Hippocrates with some serious addition which are Avicennas researches and his own experiences.Whole book is split into five different books addressing to five different categories and these are first part is the general principles,second part is the basic drugs in alphebetical order with the information of where and when to use,possible effects on patients,third part is the members of body and diseases of the particular organs,fourth part is the diseases which are local but affecting the entire body,fifth part is the using drugs together to create a more effective treatment. Canon said to have more than 450 remedies which were noted carefully with effects,possible side effects and how to apply them to treat diseases successfully. He also noted interesting things in Canon such as advising surgeons to treat cancer in earlier stages,being sure that theyve taken out all the ill part of the organ,testing new remedies on animals before the humans and noted the effect of emotions on physical condition.Interestingly enough he even diagnosed love sickness and the treatment for this disease was to make the suffered one get together with the loved one. The Arabic version of Canon published in Rome in 1593,being one of the earliest arabic books to be printed.In the 12th century it was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremonia and served as a chief guide to the medical science ,displacing the work of Galen and being the medical bible till the 1600s.It is also said to be influenced Leonardo Da Vinci in his researches. In Book of Healing also called The Cure, despite the english name he didnt write on medicine but wrote about curing the ignorance of the soul.The book is split to four parts; first part is logic,second part is natural sciences,third part is mathematics and the fifth part is metaphysics.He wrote about his knowledge on astronomy,chemistry,earth sciences,psychology,logic,metaphysics and the philosophy of science.The information in the book was mainly influenced by the teachings of ancient greek philosophers,hellenistic thinkers and some earlier muslim and persian scientists and philosophers. Although Avicenna is a big name of medical history and sometimes addressed as doctor of the doctors,he is not widely known as he should be. He had to travel around a lot to have himself secure and be able to study on his desired area of practices but he was a genius,who studied in many different disciplines including medicine,theology,philosophy,logic,geometry,mathematics,alchemy and created his most valuable work in medicine. He wrote Canon ,Book of Healing and many other books on various topics such as philosophy. Resources. *Avicenna His Life and Works by Soheil Afnan *http://www.muslimphilosophy.com *http://www.ummah.com * http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/avicenna.htm *Encyclopaedia Brittanica Online Version *Wikipedia,Vikipedi(Turkish version of Wikipedia containing different articles)

Comparing Frost’s Mending Wall and Rosenblatt’s A Game of Catch :: comparison compare contrast essays

Robert Frost’s   Mending Wall   and Roger Rosenblatt’s A Game of Catch Humans have an uncanny ability to place themselves at a comfortable distance from each other and call it a â€Å"mutual understanding,† a â€Å"friendship,† or even â€Å"true love,† but it is all lies. The essence of man’s mystery is somewhat of a paradox. He yearns to become more familiar with those around him, yet he is unwilling to allow this to happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The power of "Mending Wall," one of Frost's most often quoted poems, rests upon an opposition. Its two famous lines contradict each other. The poem upholds that:   Something there is that doesn't love a wall.   But it also asserts that: Good fences make good neighbors.   The contradiction is reasonable, for two different types of people utter the conflicting remarks and both are right. Man cannot live without walls, boundaries, limits and especially self-limitations; yet he resents all fetters and is happy at the destruction of any barrier. In "Mending Wall" the boundary line is useless:   There where it is we do not need the wall.   And, to stress the point, the speaker facetiously adds:   He is all pine and I am apple orchard.   My apple trees will never get across   And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.   One may find far-reaching connotations in this poem. As well as that it states one of the greatest difficulties of our time: whether national walls should be made stronger for our safety, or whether they should be let down, since they impede our progress toward understanding and eventual common humanity.   "Mending Wall" can also be considered a symbolic poem. In the voices of the two men the younger, capricious, "modern" speaker and the old-fashioned farmer who replies with his one dogged sentence, his inherited aphorism. Some may hear the opposition of two forces: the zeal of revolt, which challenges tradition, and the spirit of restraint, which insists that customs must be upheld, built up and continually rebuilt, as a matter of principle.   The poet himself looks down upon such symbolic analysis. He denies that the poem says anything more than it seems to say. The dispute is the heart of the poem. It answers itself in the paradox of people, in neighbors and competitors, in the antagonistic nature of man.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Roger Rosenblatt’s essay, â€Å"A Game of

LeBron James ‘I’m Coming Home’ Analysis Essay

LeBron James uses specific strategies, especially Pathos, to achieve his purpose of explaining his decisions in the past years of his basketball career. His choice of language appeals to the emotions of his fans and basketball spectators as a whole as he attempts to win back the trust and respect of his hometown fans. He does this in paragraph one, for example, by emphasizing that Ohio is his home, and that it is always going to have a place in his heart and motivate him to succeed. He uses repetition to get his point across when he states, â€Å"It’s where I walked. It’s where I ran. It’s where I cried. It’s where I bled.† This places an effect on his audience in which they accept James as one of their own, for it shows his special relationship with his city. It seems to, subtly, tell the story of an average boy growing up in a small town and instills the image into his audiences’ minds that Ohio raised him and that the people there are fami ly. LeBron assures his audience that he has matured and that he has finally realized that his â€Å"relationship with Northeast Ohio is bigger than basketball.† He speaks of his actions as a learning experience, and compares it to â€Å"college for other kids.† James uses ethos here to give credibility to his choices. This ensures his Cleveland fans that his past decisions were not disrespectful as they originally thought, but actually imperative to his growth as a basketball superstar. In addition, James decides to solidify the fact that he loved what he did in Miami with his teammates on the Miami Heat, and that that is something he will cherish as he moves on to the next stages of his career. His diction, which includes, â€Å"We are brothers for life† shows the respect he has acquired for his team in Miami. This shows his sincerity in his approach to the situation. Also, James decides to mention his family. He specifically mentions that when his agency ended in Miami, he would not go anywhere but Cleveland in order to be able to raise his family in his hometown. Once again, James achieves his goal of gaining the trust of his fans by stressing that Ohio is his home. He specifically includes his family to prove his loyalty to Cleveland fans and Ohio as his home state. James uses repetition again towards the end of his essay when he says his calling to Cleveland â€Å"goes above basketball.† He wants not only  to reaffirm his commitment to the team and fans, but to the city as a whole. He discusses his care for the community and his responsibility in making Ohio a great place to grow up. The concluding paragraph brings all of his points together when it states that James is â€Å"ready to accept the challenge,† and most importantly, that he is â€Å"coming home.† His goal of appealing to his Cleveland fans’ emotions s ucceeded as he ensured them that they are his motivation, and that playing in their city makes him happy.

Reading Body Language in Poker Essay

Body language is a part of nonverbal language. It includes things like stance, gestures, facial expressions, and even small things that are barely perceptible like a brief shrug of the shoulder or nod of the head. We frequently communicate both bodily and verbally and an estimated 70% of what we communicate may be nonverbal. There have been hundreds of books on body language but not many in poker. So this is a small attempt to put information that I have learnt while learning to read people at a poker table. I started by straight away applying the basic body language reads to a poker table like when a person leans in; it is sign of confidence, hence it translated that the player most likely has good cards. Another classic example is when a person rubs his hands after seeing his cards; this is sign that he is so excited to see the card that he can’t wait to play their cards. In short, a poker table is much like real world scenarios like class room, office, college, etc. When a player at a poker table gives away body language information, it is called a tell. So reading a player for tells is crucial for poker player’s game. Below is the order in which I read people at a poker table: 1. Feet and Legs (Most reliable) 2. Arms and Hands 3. Mouth 4. Eyes 5. Pacifying Behaviours (Least Reliable) Nice Legs! This is the most honest part of the body and can give loads of information. Most people while reading a person start from the top and scan towards the bottom. But believe me the other way round works much better and is far more reliable. Most people go to great lengths to hide what is on their faces but rarely do they focus on their legs. Legs carry so much information that it is relied upon by most pros and ignored by most amateurs in poker. Below are some of the common tells that you can spot at a poker table: * If a person has pointed his feet forward and after he receives his cards turns it away, it is clear sign of disengagement and he no longer wants to be involved in the hand. * If a person is constantly wiggling and bouncing his legs and then suddenly stops and pays attention, this is a sign that the person is about to bluff. * If a person’s feet go from flat to raised position – resting feet flat to raised heels/toes forward means that the person is ready to act. * When a person interlocks his feet, this is sign of nervousness. This means that the person is holding weak or marginal cards. * A variation of the above is after a person bets (a big bet) he wraps his legs around the legs of the chairs or table, it may suggest that he is bluffing. They are restraining themselves because they think other will detect his bluff. * When a player moves his feet positioned in front of his chair to under the chair indicates signs of weakness or bluffing. Let’s Get Our Hands Dirty Hands are an intimate part of poker. They are constantly moving and interacting with the chips and cards on the table, and sometimes even with players. Hands can reveal a lot of information. * Interlacing fingers behind the head is a very strong sign that the player is confident. So if you deciding to bluff don’t try it on this player. * When a player does a hand steeple, this is also another high confidence tell. * Interlacing of fingers and hand wringing is a sign of low confidence. * When a person looks at his cards and his hands tremble or reaching for chips and his hands are trembling, is a sign that he has great cards or as in poker we call it monsters. His hands got scared of the monster! Lips Don’t Lie Mouth are a great reading tool for tells in poker but as you come from the feet to the face, the tells get that much less reliable because players will be a lot more conscious of their tells when it comes to their face. The tells listed below are some of the classic tells in poker however one should tread cautiously when one is applying in a real game. * When a person smiles pulling his lips and there is no movement around his eyes is a classic tell of dishonesty (fake smile). Remember it is very difficult to pull off a full smile when you are unhappy so when you see a full smile with the corners of the eyes involved you can be sure he is honest about his representations on the table. * When a person presses his lips together is an indicator of high stress and low confidence. * Nail biting is another sign of low confidence. * Lip biting is a good indicator of stress and concern. * A subtle tell of lips are lip withdrawal; they indicate that stress is settling in slowly. * Lip licking and biting of objects like pen or chips are signs of pacifying when there is concern. * Tongue jetting out is another tell which indicates that the player got away with something. Eyes Are the Windows to the Soul Eyes are very good barometer of our feelings because we have very little control over them. I rely on eyes as an indicator often in my game. Here are some fool proof tells that I have used before: * When a player blocks his eyes either by closing his lids or blocking it with his fingers or palm or object, it is a sign that he does not want to see what’s coming. * This tell might take some used to getting used to but watching the eyes for dilation or constriction is 100% method to get the information out of your opponent. Remember when we like something our eyes dilate and when we don’t like something it constricts. So if a player is dissatisfied with his cards, his pupils will constrict. * Squinting of eyes indicate high concern. * Lowering of eyebrows is a sign of low confidence. * Arching of eyebrows is a good indication of positive feelings. Pacifying Behaviours These are the least reliable because most of the pacifying behaviours are just indicators of soothing oneself or discomfort at the maximum. Pacifying behaviours are done by players who are bluffing or players who are not. Hence, it must not be used in isolation and using them with other tells is the right way to go. * Touching the neck in the front and the back, exhaling through puffed cheeks and touching the face, forehead rubbing and earlobe pulling, air ventilating to the neck are good signs distress and pacifying. * Women will check the dimple on the neck when they are highly stressed or are fearful. Playing with a necklace or any neck jewelry is indicative of the same. Men will adjust their tie knots. Common Mistakes while Reading People 1. Not establishing baselines This is the most common mistake people do while reading people. Baselines are crucial in the field of body language. A person who usually bites his nails or bites his lips on a poker table will probably do the same, hence, must not be mistaken for weak hand or stress setting or low confidence. Hence, before reading any person a baseline must be established. 2. Reading tells in isolation Another mistake people do reading tells in isolation. You cannot expect a tell to occur in a person nor can you read a tell in isolation like biting lips. It should be congruent with what’s happening on the table and in reaction to what others are doing. In other words, you must ask yourself what was the motivation behind him giving away a particular tell. 3. Reading is not an exact science One of the essential skills in poker is reading your opponent but there are other aspects to the game like game theory, probability which has to be taken to account. Reading should always be used as one of your tools in making your decisions at a poker table. REFERENCES 1. Body Language: How to Read Others Thoughts by Their Gestures. Allan Pease. 1988. Sheldon Press 2. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-body-language.htm 3. Body Language. Julius Fast (1971). Pocket Books. 4. Unmasking the Face: A Guide to recognizing emotions from Facial Expressions. Paul Ekman and Wallace V. Freisen (2003). 5. Secret of No Limit Holdem: An ultimate guide to all-in texas hold’em poker. Howard Lederer. 6. Read’em and Reap: A Career FBI Agent’s Guide to Decoding Poker Tells. Joe Navarro and Marvin Karlins.

Free Essays on Casual Dress

Think of an executive, a lawyer, an accountant, and other professionals who provide an image of high status associated with their occupations. If I were to ask you to give me a description of what their outer appearance would be like in today’s environment, could you? You might be surprised to discover your mental picture differs quite a bit from the current style of today’s workplace. Despite the constant changes in the corporate and professional dress code that take place every year, I still perceive the professional businessman such as a senior executive to be clothed from head to toe in the traditional formal attire. The images of dark colored two-piece suits, matching ties, mid-length skirts, and shiny leather shoe and heels still lingers from my upbringing; labels that will forever convey to me a sense of intelligence, education, and professionalism in a highly regarded field. There is this growing trend in the corporate industries that has brought up many controversial debates. The trend of â€Å"casualization† has spread through corporate America like wildfire. Dressing down in the corporate workplace is not just for Fridays anymore nor is it solely reserved for Internet start-ups alone. The trend may have begun at Silicon Valley during the sixties, with computer companies allowing their employees to dress more comfortably to promote productivity and creativity. It has now come to transform many of today’s Law firms, brokerage houses, and other corporate companies from all across America. There are an abundance of respectable and influential arguments both for and against casual dress codes in the workplace. My feelings on this issue are quite mixed at this current moment. In order to better understand this topic let us first define this term â€Å"casual dress.† Casual dress generally means that employees can ditch their uncomfortable and expensive business suits, skirts and blazers or mid-length dresses, bla... Free Essays on Casual Dress Free Essays on Casual Dress Think of an executive, a lawyer, an accountant, and other professionals who provide an image of high status associated with their occupations. If I were to ask you to give me a description of what their outer appearance would be like in today’s environment, could you? You might be surprised to discover your mental picture differs quite a bit from the current style of today’s workplace. Despite the constant changes in the corporate and professional dress code that take place every year, I still perceive the professional businessman such as a senior executive to be clothed from head to toe in the traditional formal attire. The images of dark colored two-piece suits, matching ties, mid-length skirts, and shiny leather shoe and heels still lingers from my upbringing; labels that will forever convey to me a sense of intelligence, education, and professionalism in a highly regarded field. There is this growing trend in the corporate industries that has brought up many controversial debates. The trend of â€Å"casualization† has spread through corporate America like wildfire. Dressing down in the corporate workplace is not just for Fridays anymore nor is it solely reserved for Internet start-ups alone. The trend may have begun at Silicon Valley during the sixties, with computer companies allowing their employees to dress more comfortably to promote productivity and creativity. It has now come to transform many of today’s Law firms, brokerage houses, and other corporate companies from all across America. There are an abundance of respectable and influential arguments both for and against casual dress codes in the workplace. My feelings on this issue are quite mixed at this current moment. In order to better understand this topic let us first define this term â€Å"casual dress.† Casual dress generally means that employees can ditch their uncomfortable and expensive business suits, skirts and blazers or mid-length dresses, bla...

Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima

On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ... Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ...

-CER - French Spelling Change Verbs Examples

s Verbs that end in -cer, like lancer, have a spelling change before endings that begin with the hard vowels a or o. Because c followed by a or o would make a hard c sound (like in cold), the c has to change to à § (c with a cedilla) to keep the c soft (as in cell).In the present tense and the imperative, this c à § spelling change is found only in the nous conjugation: lanà §ons. It is needed in the present participle, lanà §ant, but not the past participle, lancà ©. And it occurs in the following tenses/moods: Imperfect - singular conjugations plus the third person pluralPassà © simple - all conjugations except the third person pluralImperfect subjunctive - all conjugations There is no spelling change in the conditional, future, or subjunctive.The table below summarizes just the spelling change conjugations, or you can see lancer conjugated in all tenses.All verbs that end in -cer undergo this spelling change, including  Ã‚  Ã‚  annoncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to announce  Ã‚  Ã‚  avancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to advance  Ã‚  Ã‚  commencer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©noncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to denounce  Ã‚  Ã‚  divorcer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to divorce  Ã‚  Ã‚  effacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to erase  Ã‚  Ã‚  lancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to throw  Ã‚  Ã‚  menacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to threaten  Ã‚  Ã‚  placer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to put  Ã‚  Ã‚  prononcer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to pronounce  Ã‚  Ã‚  remplacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to replace  Ã‚  Ã‚  renoncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to renounce Present Imperfect Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive Participles je lance lanais lanai lanasse tu lances lanais lanas lanasses Present il lance lanait lana lant lanant nous lanons lancions lanmes lanassions vous lancez lanciez lantes lanassiez Past ils lancent lanaient lancrent lanassent lanc

Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics - Coursework Example The objective of the essay is to identify the challenges that have punctuated the energy market, the nature of business competition and possible approaches to handling these problems. To achieve this, the essay will point the constraints that exist in the market and use a theoretical approach to examine possible causes for these challenges. This way, it will be possible to make recommendation on how market regulation and demand side management can be used to solve these problems. The UK energy sector has shown a dynamic trend in the last few years with changes in energy prices and consumer expenditure. The Office for National Statistics noted that there was consistent increase in prices of both electricity and gas within the country. Between the year 2011 and 2013, the percentage price changes of both electricity and gas exceeded 10% in the UK. This is contrary to the expectation of the consumer at a time when the government strategic goals were directed towards reduction in the cost energy (Foxon et al., 2000). The poorest households in the UK have been adversely affected by the rise in cost of energy in the UK. Statistics show that the rich household energy costs increased by 1% while the poor households experienced an increase of 3% in cost energy between 2002 and 2012. These changes have been criticized as oppressive and there appears need for change in policies to prevent further increase in the cost of Energy as part of the government’s manifest o to support equity and reduce poverty level. The UK Energy Market Firm market concentration statistics provides a possible explanation for the changes in energy demand and prices within the country. A Herfindal-Hirschman analysis shows that the index remained fairly constant between 2005 and 2008 but increased considerably between the year 2010 and 2013. An increase in the index shows that there is considerable

Chinese Yuan vs. US Dollar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chinese Yuan vs. US Dollar - Essay Example The use of the two currencies in trade began in 1985 on a bilateral arrangement between the two countries. In 2008, the volume of imports from China hit the $337.8 billion mark. The China government has increased the use of the Yuan in foreign trade over the years leading dynamism in its exchange rates with other world currencies. According to economists, the China government is suspected to devalue the currency in order to increase the competitiveness of their local industries. In addition, the Chinese Yuan is less flexible with respect to the exchange rate against the US dollar and other world currencies. An effort to increase the flexibility of the Chinese Yuan by the government has resulted to the use of the currency internationally. The objective is increasing the use of the currency and achieving its use as a reserve currency in the long term (Derosa 2011). The last five financial years indicate a relatively stable exchange rate between the Chinese Yuan (CNY) and the US dollar (USD). The table below indicates the official exchange rates posted in the two countries’ markets. The record shows how much one US dollar is equivalent to the Chinese Yuan Year USD Chinese Yuan 2009 1 6.8314 2010 1 6.7703 2011 1 6.4615 2012 1 6.3123 2013 1 6.1910 Since 2009 to date, the value of the Chinese Yuan has been increasing. ... changes in the exchange rate can be attributed to the control efforts of the Chinese Yuan flexibility in the exchange market by the Chinese government (Exchange-Rates.org 2013). From 2005 to 2008, the Chinese government allowed the appreciation of the dollar to 21%. However, the global economic crisis prompted China to stop the appreciation and regulate the exchange rate flexibility. From 2008 to 2010, the exchange indicated minimal changes since the rate was maintained at about 6.83 Yuan (Exchange-Rates.org 2013). Amid the then economic conditions, the Chinese government continued with their reforms in the exchange rate thus increasing the currency’s flexibility again. This led to an appreciation of the exchange rate leading to a loss of value by the Yuan against the dollar. The controlled flexibility of the Yuan leads to a slowed appreciation of the dollar against the Yuan. The slight change in the exchange rate of these currencies is caused by the fixed exchange rate regime maintained by China with regard to their currency. The depreciation of the US dollar over the years also contributes to the decrease in the exchange rate between the CNY and the USD. The USD has lost value against the Yuan and other major currencies across the world especially during the global financial crisis. The Chinese Yuan/US dollar exchange rate in 2012 portrayed several movements that ranged between an increase and a decrease in value of the Yuan against the dollar and the loss of value of the dollar against the Yuan. The table below shows the values of the exchange rates between the Yuan and the dollar. The values are on quarterly basis with the USD as the base currency (Wang 2009). Month (2012) USD Yuan January 1 6.6233 April 1 6.3077 August 1 6.3604 December 1 6.2223

Science fiction and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Science fiction and film - Essay Example Sci-fi films are absolute with heroes, far-flung planets, impracticable quests, dubious settings, incredible places, enormous dark and shadowy villains, revolutionary technology and gizmos and mysterious and bizarre forces. Many other Science Fiction Films feature time travels or extraordinary journeys, and are set either on Earth, in outer space or most frequently into the future time. Like the mainstream of the unsurpassed science fiction, Blade Runner does not relate to the typical false-scientific package of cryptic and difficult to understand jargon. In this regard, science fiction movies, although apparently hinting the opposite with their depictions of aliens and high-end technology, question the very nature of humanity; what, in essence, does it mean to be a human? What elements constitute the very essence of consciousness? This is why directors are able to express themselves with greater freedom in science fiction movies than through fiction, giving them science fiction movies an obvious benefit over their fiction counterparts. The very aspect is explored in Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner. The movie brings to the movie world a theatrical piece that combines human, childlike innocence and ingenuousness to a machine-like strength and ruthlessness. This sets the film in a class of its own, as the most excellent science fiction probes the spirit of life us ing differences out of the bounds of our contemporary world as a fuel to sustain the story (Blade Runner 2000). The movie is unique not only in presenting the typical science fiction traits in a subtly advanced and novel manner but also in the various dynamic themes and questions that have been embedded in it. The movie is set in the year 2019. The human race is on an exodus, from the earth to newly colonized places elsewhere in the universe. However since the exploration of space is a daunting task, androids known as replicants have been invented for the purpose of exploration. As with the

People aged over 65 employment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

People aged over 65 employment in UK - Essay Example One of these reasons is the economic depression that has been in the recent years which has necessitated people to continue working in order to make ends meet even if they are old or over 65 years of age (Barrow, 2011). There is also the issue of the workforce being reduced as the population of young people who can provide labour in the UK has continued to dwindle as people fail to give birth. The lack of enough labour force has forced the older generation to continue working way after their years of retirement have passed as they have no alternative if the economy is to continue to grow as it used to or if their country is to develop. Lastly is the boredom that most of these people face if and when they retire and in order to avoid it, they prefer to continue working until they are not physically able to do so. Barrow, B. (April, 13th, 2011). â€Å"Grey jobs boom: How over 65s are filling a third of new positions because they are too poor to retire.† Dailymail. Retrieved from:

Analyze the debate over currency wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze the debate over currency wars - Essay Example The country most affected by China’s undervalued currency is the U.S. It is important to note that other countries such as the UK are also affected by China’s low exchange rate. Similarly, China is not the only country that pegs its exchange rate against the U.S dollar. Some Middle Eastern countries do the same (New York Times, 2010). Argument In 2003, while following this policy, China added about $10 billion to its reserves, having an overall surplus on its current account (Krugman, 2010). Although China made attempts to appreciate its currency in 2005 and 2008, the changes they made were not significant, nor did they satisfy other countries into believing that China’s minute appreciations would serve to reduce the threat it posed to their currency. In fact, China’s weak currency has been seen as a contribution to the slowdown in the global economy, mainly because China is a country that plays a significant role in the world economy. However, in this pap er, we will analyze the ongoing debate on such currency wars. Most countries, such as the U.S, argue that a currency that is valued lower than it actually should be brings many drawbacks to the competing country. Firstly, the fact that another country’s currency is valued lower makes their exports more competitive in the global market. We can see this example in the current world market as well, where China’s exports are cheaper for many countries around the world. But for countries that have a higher exchange rate, their exports remain uncompetitive in comparison, for example the U.S exports as compared to Chinese exports. Even more so, the low exchange rate of one country, makes importing expensive for them, hence discouraging them from importing from other countries. One country’s imports are another countries exports. This negative attitude toward importing from other countries renders the high valued exchange rate country, at a loss because it will be losin g out on exporting if no one is willing to buy. This is damaging to the industries located in such countries and could give rise to unemployment and hinder economic growth; the exact argument that the U.S. presents in light of China’s exchange rate. A country with a lower exchange rate, like China, could argue that its low exchange rate is to keep its domestic economy stable, where most of its population is employed in industries that thrive on exports. A step of revaluing the currency could prove to be very detrimental since it could lead to the closing down of many industries in the country. By increasing their exchange rate value, countries like China fear that they might face a fall in the demand for their exports. Furthermore, investment depends on the exchange rate vale. If a country revalues its currency to a significantly higher level, they may face a shortage of investment. This fall in demand, combined with a fall in investment may be detrimental for any economy, cr eating within high levels of unemployment and even slowing down the rate at which the country grows economically. These effects could not only affect the home country, but could leave an effect on the rest of the world, especially if most countries relied on the cheap exports of this country. But what really should be understood is that revaluing a currency

Music-Culture Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music-Culture Questions - Essay Example Music has been a part of human civilization since the earliest times of human existence. The evolution of music over the centuries has made it an almost integral part of human life to the extent that music stars become heroes of a country and are immortalized in memory, stamps, or statues and by their very own work. From the classical producers of music like Beethoven and Bach, the rock stars of the 60s to the boy band fever of the 90s, music has been an essential aspect of art and culture for our society. With regard to my own experience, I find it very difficult to estimate how many hours per day I listen to music especially if I include the songs running in the background while I work on my computer or when I am sitting in a lab. However, on a conservative estimate I would guess that I listen to at least 2 hours of music on a daily basis. Often, I will leave the music playing while the TV is on and mute the TV while I work on my computer with the music playing in the background.

Analyze the debate over currency wars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyze the debate over currency wars - Essay Example The country most affected by China’s undervalued currency is the U.S. It is important to note that other countries such as the UK are also affected by China’s low exchange rate. Similarly, China is not the only country that pegs its exchange rate against the U.S dollar. Some Middle Eastern countries do the same (New York Times, 2010). Argument In 2003, while following this policy, China added about $10 billion to its reserves, having an overall surplus on its current account (Krugman, 2010). Although China made attempts to appreciate its currency in 2005 and 2008, the changes they made were not significant, nor did they satisfy other countries into believing that China’s minute appreciations would serve to reduce the threat it posed to their currency. In fact, China’s weak currency has been seen as a contribution to the slowdown in the global economy, mainly because China is a country that plays a significant role in the world economy. However, in this pap er, we will analyze the ongoing debate on such currency wars. Most countries, such as the U.S, argue that a currency that is valued lower than it actually should be brings many drawbacks to the competing country. Firstly, the fact that another country’s currency is valued lower makes their exports more competitive in the global market. We can see this example in the current world market as well, where China’s exports are cheaper for many countries around the world. But for countries that have a higher exchange rate, their exports remain uncompetitive in comparison, for example the U.S exports as compared to Chinese exports. Even more so, the low exchange rate of one country, makes importing expensive for them, hence discouraging them from importing from other countries. One country’s imports are another countries exports. This negative attitude toward importing from other countries renders the high valued exchange rate country, at a loss because it will be losin g out on exporting if no one is willing to buy. This is damaging to the industries located in such countries and could give rise to unemployment and hinder economic growth; the exact argument that the U.S. presents in light of China’s exchange rate. A country with a lower exchange rate, like China, could argue that its low exchange rate is to keep its domestic economy stable, where most of its population is employed in industries that thrive on exports. A step of revaluing the currency could prove to be very detrimental since it could lead to the closing down of many industries in the country. By increasing their exchange rate value, countries like China fear that they might face a fall in the demand for their exports. Furthermore, investment depends on the exchange rate vale. If a country revalues its currency to a significantly higher level, they may face a shortage of investment. This fall in demand, combined with a fall in investment may be detrimental for any economy, cr eating within high levels of unemployment and even slowing down the rate at which the country grows economically. These effects could not only affect the home country, but could leave an effect on the rest of the world, especially if most countries relied on the cheap exports of this country. But what really should be understood is that revaluing a currency

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Example for Free

What is Innovation and can businesses encourage it Essay Innovation in business is the application of new ideas in any business process. This includes the products produced and the firm’s processes. It is therefore important for business to encourage innovation to enable them to be sustainable in the market in the long run CITATION Mar98 l 1033 (Mark, 1998). Marketing Research One of the key themes of marketing is for an organization to efficient, timely and customer-centered care and allows customers to easily make the right decisions. Marketing places emphasis on organizations sharing information with each other and working together in secure areas. It also provides updated information on highly specialized matters that are to be delivered immediately to the right place. Marketing is the source for all information for step-change in service delivery. Fairness is a key theme of the legal and ethical frame works of marketing. It proposes that consumers will likely compare their situations with other customers to ensure fairness. Fairness enables marketers to predict the responses of consumers to marketing actions. Marketers should able to differentiate between procedural and distributive justice to understand how consumers perceive fairness. Making fair decisions requires marketers to have forethought and intelligence to make a sale. It is wise to develop the moral fibers of fairness, because ethical problems often bite into profits CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). For example it is unethical to sell a product or service to consumers at different prices, with an aim of gaining financial advantage. When conducting a marketing transaction, it is unethical to charge an unreasonable price to a consumer. Every consumer expects to be treated fairly as this reflects on the overall corporate image of an organization. Ethical marketing efforts and decisions should suit and meet the needs of consumers, business partners and suppliers. Competitive analysis is essential in marketing as it helps a company to access any competitive threats to its development and penetration of the walk-in market. The organization is bound to enjoy a significant competitive advantage over any competitor who would try to penetrate the walk-in market. This assessment which is based upon  the company’s source of competitive edge stems from extensive customer list, qualified management personnel, in-depth knowledge and expertise of the marketing industry. An example of t his is the marketing research conducted by Apple Inc. before the rolling out of their products into the global market. They conduct thorough research on the consumers and come up with innovative products for the customers CITATION Jas09 l 1033 (Jason, Kenneth, Greg, 2009). Research and Development Marketing mix-promotional strategies also contribute to successful implementation with the right marketing delivered to the right consumers at the right time. Marketing has to be on-going to strengthen interest and promotional and multi-level to draw attention to progress of the company. Success of a company will depend on the support and contributions the partner organizations that are involved. The contribution and support succeeds if the individual partner companies feel they have benefits from the collaboration. Target Market is a key deliverable in marketing that can be used by Apple Inc. to establish an appropriate market for each segment. For maximum effectiveness, marketing to their clients should be targeted carefully to suit each of them comfortably. It must also be a frequent, consistent and on-going process throughout the lifecycle of the zoo. The available information has to be up-to-date and reliable. Apple can segment its market by focusing on the demographic variables of its clients. These include social class, gender, income, age and family lifecycle. This will give them competitive advantage since there will be a wide variety of data that will make it possible to measure consumer preferences for the activities in the zoo. Segmenting the target market based on demographic variables, will have a direct impact on the interests of the clients in zoo services CITATION How10 l 1033 (How is Google innovative? , 2010). The mechanisms for target marketing should be selected from the zoo sources depending on the audience and objectives each marketing piece. This will give the marketing team at Apple Inc. a thorough understanding of how often and how their clients use their services. Apple Inc.’s target market should be based on social class. This will ensure maximum effectiveness which is important since it reinforces the value of the benefits and gaining additional support. The using social class as their target market is to effect information sharing and to develop an effective collaborative model that can be replicated across its diverse services. Target marketing will allow the marketing team to maintain the effectiveness of its services through transition and influence clients of their target market to participate through the forums and avenues provided. Staff Benefits There are several benefits of innovation to the staff of any business. Of particular importance is the freedom of expression where the staffs are allowed to be creative and offer some of their ideas to the management. In the process of doing so it makes the staff motivated as it makes them part of the process of creation of ideas in the business. Google Inc. for instance allows its employees and staff to participate in the innovative process hence the creation of some of its successful products. In conclusion this essay explore the importance of innovativeness in any business and how it propels the business to unlevelled heights of success as seen in the example of Apple Inc. and Google CITATION She07 l 1033 (Shelton, Epstein, Davila, 2007). References Forrant, R. (2011). Approaches to Sustainable Development: The Public University in the Regional Economy. Massachusetts : Univ of Massachusetts Press. How is Google innovative? . (2010). Retrieved 2014, from Netease: http://money.163.com/10/0331/10/633K6P9700253VNE.html Jason, D., Kenneth, L., Greg, L. (2009). Who captures value in a global innovation network? : the case of Apples iPod. Mark, R. (1998). The definition and measurement of innovation Report No. 10-98. Melbourne: Melbourne institute working paper. Shelton, R. D., Epstein, M. J., Davila, T. (2007). The Creative Enterprise. New York: Greenwood Publishing Group. Thomas, H. (2008). Reverse Engineering  Google’s Innovation  Machine. Source document

The Zika Virus (ZV): Causes and Features

The Zika Virus (ZV): Causes and Features The Zika Virus (ZV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is transmitted by Aedes species, specifically A. aegypti, africanus, and the albopictus mosquitoes.1,2,3 ZV has recently gained global concern as recent outbreaks have occurred in the Americas. However, the virus was first isolated in 1947 from a macaque monkey in the Zika forest located in Uganda. The virus migrated to the Southeast Asian countries in 1945; the first human case was reported in Nigeria in 1952. Multiple epidemics have been reported since its first reported case in 1952. The first large scale outbreak occurred on Yap Island, Micronesia in 2007. Between April and July 2007, there were 49 confirmed and 59 probable cases of the ZV infection.4 During this time, no deaths were reported. Of the 6,982 Yap Island residents that were at least three years of age, 5,005 (roughly 73%) were estimated to be infected with ZV during this outbreak.4 The second major outbreak occurred in the French Polynesia between October 2013 and February 2014. As of February 14, 2014, 8,510 suspected cases were reported.5 The largest and current outbreak in the Americas began in Brazil. Brazils first reported locally transmitted case in Brazil occurred May 2015. The ZV entry into Brazil is not clear; however, it is proposed that travelers from ZV-infected areas of Chile, Asia, and Africa brought it during 2014 sporting events. This outbreak brought ZV back into the news as many athletes became weary of contracting ZV while participating in the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympic Games. Based on rates of asymptomatic infection, an estimated 500,000 to 1.5 million people in Brazil were affected with ZV.6 As of January 18, 2017, there are 738,783 confirmed cases, with the highest number of cases reported in Brazil, Columbia, and Venezuela.6 Mexico, Central America, the United States, and the Caribbean including the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico reported confirmed cases of the virus. Regions outside of the Americas, specifically Singapore, Thailand, and Cape Verde reported confirmed cases of ZV. In January 2016, a traveler returning from Latin America to Texas reported the first U.S. case of ZV infection. As of March 22, 2017, more than 5,100 cases of ZV were reported.7 Of those reported, 4,861 cases were travel-related, 1,617 cases occurred in pregnant women, and 45 cases were sexually transmitted.8,9,10 The first case of transmission within the U.S. was in Florida. Those who were traveling to the U.S. from other affected areas reported many of the subsequent ZV cases. Every state has reported laboratory-confirmed symptomatic ZV disease. Only Florida and Texas have reported local-transmission of ZV.9 ZV is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae. The Flaviviruses include arboviruses that are transmitted through mosquitoes to humans. Ranging from 40-50 nm in diameter, the Flaviviruses are positive-sense and single-stranded RNA. The ZV is an icosahedral capsid enveloped virus. Several small proteins surround the RNA genome; the capsid proteins cover the core, creating its icosahedral shape. The lipid bilayer envelope membrane contains both the membrane and the envelope proteins, which are glycosylated in many flaviviruses.11 Vectors, generally mosquitoes, are infected when they feed on viremic hosts. Humans are generally the accidental hosts. The mosquitoes will take a blood meal from an infected host and transmit it to another individual. In the U.S., these mosquito vectors are isolated to the southeastern states. Aerosols or contaminated food products can also transmit Flaviviruses; however, this only occurs under certain circumstances. Other diseases associated with Flaviviruses include Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and hemorrhagic fever. ZV is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that infects their vectors after ingestion of a blood meal from aviremic non-human vertebrate. Some arthropods can be infected by saliva-infected transmission. The arthropod vectors develop chronic systemic infections as the virus will penetrate the gut and spread to the salivary glands. This dissemination to the salivary glands is known as extrinsic incubation, which lasts about 1-3 weeks in mosquitoes.12 The mosquito is not harmed by the infection. The ZV pathogen has two lineages that are based on phylogenetic analysis of viral envelope proteins:13 the African and Asian lineages. The African lineage is primarily restricted to the African countries of Central African Republic, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda. The Asian lineage seems to be the strand that has been seen in recent outbreaks. This lineage has been circulating in the Southeast Asian countries since the 1950s, in French Polynesia in 2013, and the Americas in 2015. ZV is primarily transmitted by a bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Humans are the likely main reservoirs; however, during outbreaks, human-to-vector-to-human transmission is common. Other modes of transmission of ZV are sexual transmission and maternal-fetal transmission during pregnancy. The estimated reproduction number of ZV infection during the Columbia epidemic in 2015-2016 ranged 2.2-14.8.14 During the Yap Island and French Polynesia epidemics, the estimated reproduction number ranged 4.3-5.815, that is comparable to dengue and chikungunya fevers, which are from the same family as ZV. Various sexual transmission has been reported: multiple cases of male to female transmission in the U.S. between January-April 201615, one case of male-to-male anal intercourse17, one case of female-to-male transmission18, and an asymptomatic case of male-to- female transmission.19 The duration of ZV RNA persistence in semen has been monitored to determine the degree of ZV infectivity. Detection of the viral RNA in semen was found up to 188 days after symptom onset in an Italian man who contracted ZV infection while traveling in Haiti.20 Additionally, it was found that ZV was found in semen up to 92 days after the illness onset.21 Various reports regarding vaginal secretions and bodily fluids have been monitored for ZV infectivity as well. Viral RNA in vaginal secretions were found up to 14 days after symptom onset.22 Viral RNA has been detected in urine and saliva in 54 days and serum up to 67 days.23 These findings were monitored in an infant whose mother displayed ZV infection symptoms during week 26 of her pregnancy and tested positive for ZV after birth. No reports of ZV in other bodily fluids of the reproductive tracts, specifically the follicular fluid, have been identified. There are potential modes of transmission that have been explored and discussed. Blood transfusion or blood products and breast-feeding have been linked to possible transmission.2 Viral RNA has been detected in the breast milk of those women who have been infected. There was a detection of ZV and viral RNA in breast milk collected 4 days postpartum from a woman who developed ZV symptoms during prenatal period.24 Breast-feeding is not a confirmed route of transmission, as it has not yet been thoroughly evaluated. Kissing is not a confirmed route of transmission. However, one case of transmission was reported from an elderly patient with a high viral load to a family member who reported kissing and hugging an infected patient, but had no known direct contact with infected bodily fluids.25 Saliva, urine, and conjunctival fluid have been detected sources, but transmission has not been confirmed. The incubation period of the ZV is usually 3-12 days. About 75-80% of ZV infections are asymptomatic.1 If ZV becomes symptomatic, disease is generally mild. Common symptoms include rash, fever, joint pain (known as arthralgia), and conjunctivitis. Symptoms generally resolve within a week. Pathogenesis of the ZV is not well studied; early data indicates that ZV will infect and replicate in dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells.26 Infected epidermal keratinocytes will undergo apoptotic cell death. The viral replication prompts an innate immune response. As a result, type I interferons in infected cells are produced. The risk factors that put an individual at a greater risk for contracting ZV are those who live or travel to endemic or epidemic areas, mosquito exposure, and unprotected sexual contact with someone who has recently traveled to areas with active transmission. To determine if an individual is at risk, asking patients about travel history to ZV-infected areas, noting specific dates and location of travel, and discussing risk factors for transmission are important. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) concluded that ZV is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fatal neural defects, such as Guillain-Barrà © Syndrome. This is a complication associated with pregnancy. The CDC has determined this based on epidemiologic evidence showing an increase number of infants born with microcephaly during the French Polynesian and Brazilian outbreaks.3 Through cohort and case series studies, the CDC has found a cause and effect between the ZV and various brain defects, such as microcephaly, cerebral malformation, intracranial calcifications, neurologic dysfunction, and ophthalmologic abnormalities.3 Various studies have detected ZV in brain tissue of affected fetuses. Brain tissue was collected from infants with microcephaly who later died and in the placenta of mothers who suffered a miscarriage. As of result of these findings, the CDC has established two surveillance systems to monitor pregnancies and congenital outcomes in women with ZV infection: The U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry and Zika Active Pregnancy Surveillance System (ZAPSS) for women in Puerto Rico. Due to the CDC findings regarding malformations of embryos, ZV is considered teratogenic. Microcephaly is a common defect of infants that have contracted ZV from their mothers. Microcephaly is a condition where a baby is born with a smaller than normal head or the head stops growing after birth.27 Because there is a delay in the growth of a head, there are neural developmental abnormalities. Babies born with microcephaly typically have physical and learning disabilities as they continue to grow and age. During ZV outbreaks, there was an increased incidence of microcephaly reported. During the 2013 French Polynesia outbreak, 8,750 suspected ZV cases were reported.28 Estimated risk of microcephaly reported 95 cases per 10,000 women who contracted ZV in the first trimester, while the baseline microcephaly prevalence for that area was two per 10,000 neonates.28 In 2015, an annual rate of microcephaly in Brazil increased from 5.7 cases per 100,000 live birth in 2014 to 99.7 cases per 100,000 in 2015.29 For diagnosing ZV, polymerase chain reaction, specifically quantitative or qualitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the gold standard. RT-PCR distinguishes ZV from other flaviviruses such as dengue and chikungunya fevers. This test can be performed on serum, urine, or blood; however, serum and urine are commonly used. Sensitivity of RT-PCR can vary within 14 days of symptom onset. If symptoms are less than 14 days from onset, it is recommended that RT-PCR of urine or serum samples be performed. Cohort studies have found that RT-PCR of plasma samples appear more sensitive than RT-PCR of urine samples within the first 5 days of symptomatic ZV infection.30 In addition to performing RT-PCR, a physical examination must be done to diagnosis ZV. During physical examination, a clinician should examine a patient for fever, maculopapular rash, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis. Most symptomatic patients will present with rash and conjunctivitis.1,2 Clinicians should access the patients risk of exposure, such as travel history to an area of active transmission and unprotected sexual contact with someone who recently traveled to an affected area. Bloodwork should be completed. Generally bloodwork results are normal, but mild leukopenia (low white blood cell count), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and hepatic transaminitis (elevated liver enzymes) have been reported with ZV infection.31 Patients with suspected ZV should be evaluated for dengue and chikungunya virus infections as they all cause symptoms that overlap. The same mosquito vector transmits ZV, dengue fever, and chikungunya fever. Other illnesses to differentiate are malaria, influenza, infectious mononucleosis, and acute HIV infection. Other ZV testing options include serum virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and culture. IgM testing has a greater sensitivity at the end of the first week of illness. IgM has the potential to cross-react with other flaviviruses.2 The FDA approved the CDC IgM Antibody Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Zika MAC-ELISA) as the first antibody test for emergency evaluation in selected laboratories.32 In addition to the Zika MAC-ELISA, Trioplex Real-Time RT-PCR assay can be used for ZV diagnosis. Culture is generally not used as a tool, but rather an aid to determine if any additional infections are present. If a patient is symptomatic or thought to have contracted the infection due to recent ZV exposure, these diagnostic tools are used to diagnose ZV. Coinfection with other viral illnesses transmitted by the same infected Aedes mosquito can occur. Dengue and chikungunya fever are the common illnesses that are associated with ZV. These coinfections were found in Nicaragua. Between September 2015 and April 2016, 356 patients in Nicaragua with suspected arboviral illnesses provided serum samples for ZV, dengue, and chikungunya fevers.33 A real-time RT-PCR confirmed the presence of a virus. Of those that provided serum samples, 263 had at least one of these viruses, 71 of these cases had a coinfection with 2-3 viruses. Suspected cases should be reported to local health departments in the U.S. for coordination of testing, care, and spread prevention. The CDC and selected state health departments perform more testing to confirm the diagnosis of ZV. The CDC provides instruction for sending ZV samples for testing. There are specific considerations for pregnant women. In 2016, the CDC provided guidelines for evaluation and management for pregnant women and infants with suspected ZV infections (Appendices 1 and 2). Possible Zika virus exposure should be discussed with all pregnant women during each prenatal visit. Testing symptomatic pregnant women should be based on the time of potential exposure. Additional testing is needed to rule out other illnesses, such as dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever. Other illnesses to consider include malaria, rubella, measles, parvovirus B19 infection, influenza, rickettsial illnesses, enterovirus illnesses, acute HIV infection, and group A streptococcal infection.34 If asymptomatic pregnant women have an ongoing risk for exposure, routine ZV IgM testing should be performed at visits during the first and second trimesters. Offering RT-PCR testing for asymptomatic women with possible infection is recommended for those who have had exposure within the past two weeks of their prenatal visits. Positive results from RT-PCR testing confirm infection. However, a negative result does not exclude infection; IgM testing should be performed for further analysis. In addition to testing, if ZV is suspected or confirmed, serial ultrasounds are necessary every 3-4 weeks to monitor fetal growth and anatomy. Decisions on amniocentesis should be discussed as it is considered a high-risk procedure. Amniocentesis is a medical procedure where a small sample from the amniotic sac surrounding a fetus is sampled and examined for genetic abnormalities. The optimal time to perform this procedure to accurately diagnose ZV is unknown. Amniocentesis is generally performed after 15 weeks of gestation. Because of the uncertainty surrounding the accuracy of this test, amniocentesis should be discussed on an individualized basis. Currently there is no specific antiviral treatment available for ZV. The recommended treatment is supportive with a focus primarily on rest, hydration, and fever and pain control. Acetaminophen is preferred to address fever and pain. Until dengue fever can be excluded, aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDS), such ibuprofen and naproxen, should be avoided to reduce the risk of hemorrhage. Most infected individuals recover within a week. Hospitalization or severe disease is not common. Those individuals infected with ZV are encouraged to avoid mosquito exposure during the first week of symptom onset to reduce the risk of continued transmission.2,3 While infected, individuals should isolate themselves, refrain from sexual contact, and avoid mosquito exposure. Mosquito avoidance is the main option for prevention and further spread of ZV. This is the key to preventing illness while traveling to endemic or epidemic affected regions. Eliminating mosquito habitat is also recommended. Mosquitoes can breed in small amounts of water. Individuals traveling in affected locations should wear light-colored clothing that completely cover the body, use mosquito repellents with DEET, and utilize mosquito nets. There are additional precautions for pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant. Women should avoid traveling to areas of active transmission. Consulting healthcare providers before traveling is recommended. The CDC instructs pregnant women to avoid traveling to elevations less than

Biography Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers

Biography of Charles Dickens There is something about Charles Dickens' imaginative power that defies explanation in purely biographical terms. Nevertheless, his biography shows the source of that power and is the best place to begin to define it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second child of John and Elizabeth Dickens, Charles was born on February 7, 1812, near Portsmouth on England's south coast. At that time John Dickens was stationed in Portsmouth as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office. The family was of lower-middle-class origins, John having come from servants and Elizabeth from minor bureaucrats. Dickens' father was vivacious and generous but had an unfortunate tendency to live beyond his means. his mother was affectionate and rather inept in practical matters. Dickens later used his father as the basis for Mr. Micawber and portrayed is mother as Mrs. Nickleby in A Tale of Two Cities. After a transfer to London in 1814, the family moved to Chatham, near Rochester, three years later. Dickens was about five at the time, and for the next five years his life was pleasant. Taught to read by his mother, he devoured his fathers' small collection of classics, which included Shakespeare, Cervantes, Defoe, Smollet, Fielding, and Goldsmith. These left a permanent mark on his imagination; their effect on his art was quite important. dickens also went to some performances of Shakespeare and formed a lifelong attachment to the theater. He attended school during this period and showed himself to be a rather solitary, observant, good-natured child with some talent for comic routines, which his father encouraged. In retrospect Dickens looked upon these years as a kind of golden age. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers, is in part an attempt to recreate their idyllic nature: it rejoices in innocence and the youthful spirit, and its happiest scenes take place in that precise geographical area.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the light of the family's move back to London, where financial difficulties overtook the Dickens's, the time in Chatham must have seemed glorious indeed. The family moved into the shabby suburb of Camden Town, and Dickens was taken out of school and set to menial jobs about the household. In time, to help augment the family income, Dickens was given a job in a blacking factory among rough companions. At the time his father was imprisoned for debt, but was released three months later by a small legacy. Dickens related to his friend, John Forster, long afterward, that he felt a deep sense of abandonment at this time; the major themes of his novels can be traced to this period. His sympathy for the victimized, his fascination with prisons and money, the desire

How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He H

How Descartes Tries to Extricate Himself from the Skeptical Doubts He Has Raised [All page references and quotations from the Meditations are taken from the 1995 Everyman edition] In the Meditations, Descartes embarks upon what Bernard Williams has called the project of 'Pure Enquiry' to discover certain, indubitable foundations for knowledge. By subjecting everything to doubt Descartes hoped to discover whatever was immune to it. In order to best understand how and why Descartes builds his epistemological system up from his foundations in the way that he does, it is helpful to gain an understanding of the intellectual background of the 17th century that provided the motivation for his work. We can discern three distinct influences on Descartes, three conflicting world-views that fought for prominence in his day. The first was what remained of the mediaeval scholastic philosophy, largely based on Aristotelian science and Christian theology. Descartes had been taught according to this outlook during his time at the Jesuit college La Flech_ and it had an important influence on his work, as we shall see later. The second was the scepticism that had made a sudden impact on the intellectual world, mainly as a reaction to the scholastic outlook. This scepticism was strongly influenced by the work of the Pyrrhonians as handed down from antiquity by Sextus Empiricus, which claimed that, as there is never a reason to believe p that is better than a reason not to believe p, we should forget about trying to discover the nature of reality and live by appearance alone. This attitude was best exemplified in the work of Michel de Montaigne, who mockingly dismissed the attempts of theologians and scientists to understand the nature of God and the universe respectively. Descartes felt the force of sceptical arguments and, while not being sceptically disposed himself, came to believe that scepticism towards knowledge was the best way to discover what is certain: by applying sceptical doubt to all our beliefs, we can discover which of them are indubitable, and thus form an adequate foundation for knowledge. The third world-view resulted largely from the work of the new scientists; Galileo, Copernicus, Bacon et al. Science had finally begun to assert itself and shake off its dated Aristotelian pr... ...dged by us as a failure - the fact that he addressed topics of great and lasting interest, and provided us with a method we can both understand and utilise fruitfully, speaks for itself. Bibliography 1. Descartes, Ren_ A Discourse on Method, Meditations and Principles of Philosophy trans. John Veitch. The Everyman's Library, 1995. Descartes, Ren_ The Philosophical Writings of Descartes volume I and II ed. and trans. John Cottingham, R. Stoothoff and D. Murdoch. Cambridge, 1985. Frankfurt, Harry Demons, Dreamers and Madmen. Bobbs-Merrill, 1970. Curley, Edwin Descartes Against the Skeptics. Oxford, 1978. Vesey, Godfrey Descartes: Father of Modern Philosophy. Open University Press, 1971. Sorrell, Tom Descartes: Reason and Experience. Open University Press, 1982. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy ed. Ted Honderich. Oxford University Press, 1985. Cottingham, John Descartes. Oxford, 1986. Williams, Bernard Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry. Harmondsworth, 1978. Russell, Bertrand The History of Western Philosophy. George Allen and Unwin, 1961. 11. Kripke, Saul Naming and Necessity. Oxford 1980. Word Count: 4577

British Author Research Paper Essay

Lord Bryon once said, â€Å"Fools are my theme, let satire be my song†. A satire is a literary composition, in verse or prose, in which human folly and vice are held up to scorn, derision,or ridicule (dic.com). A well recognized satire is George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Orwell wrote this allegorical novella in England when the wartime alliance with the Soviet Union was at its height and Stalin was held in highest esteem in Britain both among the people and government. George Orwell wrote Animal Farm to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole, thus addressing the downfall of the Russian Revolution which was caused by its corrupt leaders and ignorant citizens. George Orwell was born Eric Arthur Blair. He was born on June 25th 1903 in Bengal, India to a British colonial civil servant. About a year after his birth, Orwell was brought back to England by his mother along with his older sister. He began writing poems at the age of four, ultimately getting one of his poems published in a local newspaper. In 1911 he went to St. Cyprian’s, on a partial scholarship, in the coastal town of Eastbourne, where he got his first taste of England’s class system. There he began to read the works of Rudyard Kipling and H. G. Wells. He was exceptionally intelligent that he received a scholarship to study at Eton college. After graduating, Orwell joined the India Imperial Police Force in 1922. After five years, he resigned his post and returned to England. He wanted to try his luck as a writer. He would spend his time between England and Paris, thus writing his first major work Down and Out in Paris and London. He felt that it would embarrass his family, so he published it under the pseudonym George Orwell. He was not successful and began to take up any job offer just to make ends meet. He later published Burmese Days, which offered a dark look at British colonialism in Burma, then part of the country’s Indian empire. Orwell’s interest in political matters grew rapidly after this novel was published. In 1937, Orwell traveled to Spain, where he joined one of the groups fighting against General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War. He was injured and left back for England. For years, Orwell had periods of sickness, and he was officially diagnosed with tuberculosis in 1938. Later, he landed a job with the BBC as a producer and in 1943 he became the literary editor for a socialist newspaper. Orwell is best known for two novels, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, both of which were published toward the end of his life. Animal Farm was published in 1945 and Nineteen Eighty-Four was published in 1949. Orwell, however, was not able to enjoy his success due to his battle with tuberculosis. He died on January 21, 1950, in a London hospital. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. It has a population of 53,013,000 inhabitants. The official language is British English. Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. The major form of Christianity practised is Anglicanism. English folklore is big part of English Culture. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint served with assorted vegetables, Yorkshire pudding, stuffing and gravy. Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast. Various meat pies and sausages are consumed by the British. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wines, ciders and English beers, such as bitter, mild, stout, and brown ale. England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century codified many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include association football, cricket, and rugby. The basic political system in England is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system. Today England is governed directly by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II and the prime minister is David Cameron MP. Animal Farm was published by Orwell on August 17th , 1945. This novel shows how potential ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution could allow horrors to happen if a smooth transition to a people’s government is not achieved. The novel starts out with Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England,† in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. After chasing Snowball away, Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal. Napoleon orders the animals to construct a windmill, and the animals devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He uses this as an excuse to rid the farm of various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball’s great conspiracy by giving them instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned, Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being by sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyone even though the other animals are cold, hungry, and overworked. Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues. Napoleon then sells his most loyal and long-suffering worker, Boxer, to a glue maker in order to get money for whisky. Years pass on Animal Farm, and the pigs become more and more like human being by walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. Eventually, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and inscribed on the side of the barn, become reduced to a single principle reading â€Å"all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities. He also changes the name of Animal Farm back to the Manor Farm, claiming that this title is the â€Å"correct† one. Looking in at the party of elites through the farmhouse window, the common animals can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings. The story is meant to symbolize the downfall of the Russian Revolution and the corruption of Stalin. Old Major represents Karl Marx, as he originated Communism, hence Animalism. Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin, while Snowball represents Leon Trotsky. The attack dogs represent the Red Army, while Boxer represents the soviet workers. The rise of Stalin after the Russian Revolution inspired Orwell to write Animal Farm. It is satire on equality, where all barnyard animals live free from their human masters’ tyranny. Inspired to rebel by Major, an old boar, animals on Mr. Jones’ Manor Farm embrace Animalism and stage a revolution to achieve an idealistic state of justice and progress. A power-hungry pig, Napoleon, becomes a totalitarian dictator who leads the Animal Farm into â€Å"All Animals Are Equal / But Some Are More Equal Than Others† oppression. As an English author, Orwell traditionally used fictional characters to represent actual humans. The novel is an exceptional work of satire and meets its purpose of portraying the truth about the Soviet Union and turning point of the Russian Revolution.

Shut Down Facebook

Shut down Facebook Facebook has become a place where everyone wants to be nowadays. Not only is it wrong to be on there every single day, it is also unhealthy, which is why Facebook should be banned. People no longer care about going out and making friends. Instead, they rather stay inside and become friends with people they do not even know on Facebook. These kinds of actions can be really dangerous. People can easily create Facebook accounts, meaning that it is also easy to portray someone they’re not. No one ever knows who really is sitting behind that computer screen.Especially young people, they can be ignorant at times thinking they know their friends good enough to give them their information. Most people are unaware of how easy it is for a stranger to collect all of their information. Another bad thing about Facebook is all the drama it can cause between friends, families, or any kind of relationship. It is sad how arguments are posted for the whole world to see. Teena gers every so often lie about their age just so they do not have to ask for their parent’s approval. This in most cases happens because teenagers are doing things they’re not suppose to.In addition, people sometimes tend to hide their identities on purpose to do unpleasant things such as stalking, and bullying. There are also sick people who create fake Facebook accounts to harass little kids. Facebook is not good anymore. Many people are taking advantage of it and it is better for it to be shut down for good. No one needs Facebook, anyone can survive without it. It is healthier to be out there living life than sitting behind a computer talking about it. It would certainly make a change if Facebook were banned forever.

Call of the Wild Book

Similarities Buck lives in Judges Millers estate at the beginning of both the book and the movie. He is then kidnapped by Manuel, the gardener. He is sold to dog salesmen heading to Alaska. He is disciplined by the Law of Club and Fang. The man in the red sweater takes Buck out of the cage and repeatedly beats him. Buck continues to try to attack until he is to week to fight. He then learns the law of Club and Fang. Buck is sold and put on a sled team. He learns to dig a hole in the snow to stay warm. He has a fierce rivalry with the lead dog Spitz.Spitz then kills one of Buck’s best friends Curly by ripping Curly’s face up. Buck ends up having multiple fights with Spitz. One of which where Spitz takes Buck sleeping hole and tries to keep it. Spitz gets whipped and sent back to his own hole. Buck and Spits end up in a fight in which Buck is determined to kill Spitz and end the rivalry for good. He then does what he was determined to do and kills Spitz. Buck then takes t he lead dog position and gains trust from his team. The team is then taken over by Hal, Charles, and Mercedes.They are amateur sled runners and don’t quite know what they are doing. They end up shooting a dog (Dave), because he was too weak to go on. Buck then leads the team into John Thornton’s little camp setup. Hal was advised by John not to go across the ice but he decides to do it anyway. Hal starts beating Buck and John Thornton threatens to kill him with his rifle. John then takes Buck to be his own. They all fall through, including the team. They are killed and John takes care of Buck, the only survivor. Buck then saves john Thornton’s life a couple times.John and Buck develop a special bond. John decides to search for gold. Buck is in part of a bet made by john Thornton that says he can pull a sled with a fairly large amount of weight. Buck then shocks everybody and pulls the sled 100 yards and wins John Thornton $1000 ($1600 in the book). John is out i n the search of gold. He comes across a Yeehat tribe and builds up hate for them. Buck scares away the Yeehats once. They the com back later and kill John Thornton by shooting him with a bow and arrow. Buck then kills multiple Yeehats out of anger.He is then left with the decision to live by himself in the wild. Differences In the movie, Buck was never sold to Francois and Perrault. He was never a part of their team and he did not steal any bacon from Francois. In the movie, Buck started out going to John Thornton’s team, stolen by Black Burtons bandits, claimed by a dog auctioneer, sold to Hal and his crew, brought across Johns Thornton’s camp and is returned to him. Buck was never sold from Francois and Perrault to a Scotch half-breed man that was very hairy.It did not tell the names of other dogs in the movie. In my eyes, the movie portrayed John Thornton’s friend, Pete, more than in the book. In the movie John Thornton is attracted to a girl at a bar. A man named Black Burton doesn’t like John so he has his team stolen by some of his thugs. They then take the team to a town. On the way a man falls down a hill and is killed. When the dogs get to the town, the only guy left on the sled is frozen solid and killed. A man then claims the dogs on the spot and auctions them off to Hal, Charles, and Mercedes.They plan to take the team to Dawson city (where John Thornton is). On the way a dog (Dave) is shot by Hal because he can’t go on. They come across John Thornton’s camp. John takes Buck back and the others drowned. John then takes more care of buck and heals him up. The book stated that Buck had killed a Moose by wearing it out and then attacking it. That never happened in the movie. In the book, Mad Dolly was a dog that raged and tried to kill Buck. The movie showed Mad Dolly as a horse. The movie shows more dialect and perspective of john Thornton rather than Buck.It made the movie almost more about John than it did about Buck. John and Buck found a cabin in the woods that had a gun in it that said E. K. W. on it. That wasn’t in the book. Because of all of the similarities and differences that I have written, I believe that the book was way better than the movie. The movies didn’t have much anything that was the same in the book. The worst part was that it left me guessing about who E. K. W. was. It didn’t even give a hint about who he or she was. That should not ever happen in a movie.

Lifting the Veil of Incorporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lifting the Veil of Incorporation - Case Study Example The doctrine of separate personality of a corporation engendered by the sheer act of incorporation is a well entrenched principle in English law. The doctrine simply states that once a company is formally incorporated in accordance with law, it starts to possess a personality of its own, one distinct from its members and stockholders. This distinct personality, by fiction of law, protects a corporation from the consequences of the individual acts of its members and stockholders. The principle had its beginnings in the Roman law and was officially adopted by English law in the early case of Salmon v The Hamborough Co (1671) 1 Ch Cas 2041. Unfortunately, this principle had been, time and again, employed as a vehicle to evade individual liabilities and responsibilities that the courts were compelled to 'lift the veil,' so to speak, that separates corporations from their stockholders. Recent developments in the corporate world, however, had made it difficult to anticipate when judicial i nterference will be exercised to lift or pierce the veil of incorporation as courts have exhibited equivocations in handling 'lifting-the-veil" cases in the past. The case of Adams, however, seemed to have narrowed down the principles when judicial interference may be exercised in such cases.In the early days before the advent of complex corporate structures, there was not much question about the application of the corporate separate personality or the "lifting of the" veil cases. ... The economy soon turned bad which affected Salomon Ltd's business, forcing it to seek loans from outside creditors among which was a Mr. Broderip. The company, however, failed to revive itself and paying the loans became difficult. Broderip sued to obtain payment for his secured loan and the company went into liquidation. 2 The liquidator, subsequently handling the company's winding up, argued that the corporation was a fraud and that therefore Salomon's debentures should be made to apply as payments to the company's creditors. The decision was debunked by the House of Lords which sustained the separate nature of the company's personality from that of Mr. Salomon. The HL held that, on its face, the incorporation was valid and in accordance with the formalities of law and therefore the court is precluded from reading meaning or inserting their own version of the law into its incorporation. There was nothing unlawful about Salomon holding ownership of more than half of the company's shares or of the fact that the subscribers or incorporators were all members of his family to which he wielded great influence upon. 3 Judicial Interference Although the Salomon principle had since been held the classic view, court decisions have swung from one side to another that it became difficult to anticipate whether they would adhere to the Salomon principle or not in every case. The basic presumption is that the court will lift the veil of incorporation in instances when "equity demands that justice be dispensed." Yet, court decisions have shown that there was no clear-cut rule as to what constitutes injustice that would merit court intervention and disregarding the principle held in the Salomon case. 4 This equivocation is illustrated in the